Animal Farm Essential Questions

This is a historical, political and social allegory, that is, a story whose characters and events represent or symbolize ideas and events. George Orwell, who worked creating propaganda for the British government during World War II, saw the rise of socialism and Marxism, and the eventual dominance of Communism in the sass's. This book is Rowel's response to the world around him. How do some gain power over others? What enables them to succeed? Some gain power over others for many reasons.They may have better leadership skills and will aka charge or they could be the smartest and the most trustworthy. What enables them to succeed is if they lead correctly their followers will do the same causing success What is propaganda and what is the relationship between propaganda and power? Propaganda is communications to the public that are designed to influence the opinions. The relationship between propaganda and power is that propaganda can be used to maintain power or gain power. Why does p ropaganda work?Propaganda works because our minds are easily persuaded and any information even out by the more powerful people will be taken as true. How often In today's world are the weak exploited by the strong? Are utopias possible? I believe utopias are not possible because I think there will always be someone who will want to be different and could be greedy and change the look of the utopia. Is Animal Farm a relevant novel for the 21st century reader? All civilizations begin with a utopian society in mind but some where along the way they falter and stumble and finally fall only because of faults In human character.

Identifying Major Depressive Disorder

We, as human beings at some point would feel low, unstable and sometimes would not know how to exactly describe what we feel bout certain things. Most often it is unknown to us that we are maybe suffering from mood disorders, we become unaware of ourselves. Mood disorders are portrayed by having wide swing of emotions; it ranges from deep depression to extreme excitement, exhilaration or euphoria and agitation. There are actually two forms of mood disorder; the first one is depression and the other is bipolar respectively. Mania is characterized by intense and or unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria, and depression involves feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection. In some cases wherein mania and depression comes together it is known to be bipolar, in which a person with this disorder would have to feel extreme excitement and deep sadness simultaneously. When depression exists for the longest time it is called dysthymia. It is known to be similar with major depression but it is a long term disorder, it is mild and not an acute (Dinsmoor., December, 2002). Symptoms of depression The symptoms of depression can be manifested easily in a person. These symptoms are actually various and it can be easily recognized. A person with a depression would have the symptoms of having difficulty in sleeping; they do not get their sleep easily because their minds are restless and due to this they would feel stressed or fatigued. It can also be the other way around; people with depression can also be recognized if they sleep excessively. They would also loose their appetite and would usually loose weight or they would do excessive eating and gain weight. It can also manifest in their activities; people with depression would loose their attraction in their activities that they do find pleasurable. Major depression disorder can also come with the loosing the appetite for sex or having sexual problems; it can also be accompanied by headaches. There is also the feeling of guilt, hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness and one of the hardest manifestations is that they find concentrating on certain things too difficult (Association, 2000). Is Katherine suffering from major depressive disorder? Katherine has been experiencing the symptoms engaged in the mood disorder which is called major depressive disorder, in which she often wishes she were dead, she feels sad all day long and cries several times a day, she experiences disturbed sleep and, as a result, she feels fatigued all day long, she has absolutely no interest in sex or even spending time with friends, she finds it extremely difficult to concentrate at work and just does not want to be around people. If these feelings and wide variety of undeniable changes are not induced by alcohol or any drink that would make her feel down, if they are caused by a difficulty in her functions in her work or at home and if they were not caused by great sorrow I can make a systematic statement that Katherine is really suffering from major depressive disorder. And since Katherine has more than five of the symptoms attached with major depressive disorder I can say that she is really suffering from it. Katherine needs to be treated while she is still in the early stage of her depression or while she still can handle her situation. If she would not be immediately treated she might at some point make an attempt to kill herself or commit suicide. Treatments for major depressive disorder There are several treatments for a patient who has a major depressive disorder. There is psychotherapy or counseling for people who have depression disorder and there are various medications or drugs used in treating people who are afflicted with this disorder. Numbers of medicines are used in the cure of major depressive disorder, these actually falls into the category of anti-depressants and are further categorized into a more particular drug or medicine. Among the anti-depressants are Tricyclic anti-depressants or TCA’s which can actually relief depression by increasing the neurotransmitters’ concentration in the central nervous system. Another one is the Monoamine oxidase inhibitors or MAOI’s acts as an agent in helping break down a particular neurotransmitter which would help regulate the mood of a person to become stable or normal. The third kind of anti-depressant is the Lithium carbonate which helps in reducing the activities of the nerves in the brain; it alters the chemical balance within a particular nerve in the brain. And the last kind is the serotonin which helps in transmitting messages without interrupting the brain chemistry. Treatment for Katherine In the case of Katherine she can be treated by using both psychotherapy and medication. I would use the interpersonal and or behavioral therapy on her for me to know what triggered her depression. I need to have a background of her present relationships; her relationship with her family, her relationship with her current boyfriend, her relationship with her friends, her relationship with her officemates and her other relationships. And after having analyzed her relationship patterns I would focus on her current behaviors. I would be able to know what triggered her present behaviors also by her past behaviors or the things that had actually happened to her that might have contributed to her behavior now. Aside from these two psychotherapy some activities might help in diverting Katherine’s emotions by encouraging her to try to involve her self in activities that would be pleasurable to her, like talking to a friend to release some of her emotions or going out with someone who is sensible and nice so that she can enjoy and forget about her depression. In her medication I would just give her an anti-depressant that would suit her because it might cause further complications if I would give her inappropriate medicine. Psychotherapy and the use of medicine would result to a more improved and satisfying results rather than using therapy or counseling alone and or just by giving medications. It is really hard to know if someone is suffering from a major depression because one might not notice the symptoms right away. The most important thing is to give ones self a chance to know his or her self more. References Association, A. P. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- Fourth Edition American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Dinsmoor., R. S. (Ed.) (December, 2002) Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Gale Group. [Electronic Version] Retrieved March 05, 2008 from http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/mood_disorders.jsp         

Criminal Justice Ethics Essay

Lon L. Fuller, former Carter Professor of Jurisprudence at Harvard Law School, observed in The Morality of Law, â€Å"Even if a man is answerable only to his conscience, he will answer more responsibly if he is compelled to articulate principles on which he acts. † To me this means that you have to answer to your own self and that you judge yourself on your thinking and possible actions. You have to weigh the outcomes and ask yourself what you can you live with doing? It’s what your moral thinking is and how it is applied. Scenario 1 – Drugs at a Friend’s House There is a moral dilemma for this situation. I am an off duty police officer and observe several other people at a friend’s party using the recreational drug, cocaine. The friend of mine is outside with others and I don’t know if she knows that illegal activities are being done in her home. I would ask myself, do I call my supervisor and make them aware even though I’m off duty? Or do I ask my friend if she knows anything about the activities being done in her home and if she does, do I call it in and make arrests for what I observed and learned or let it slide with a warning because she’s a friend? My instincts are to go question my friend. I would still call it in, but depending on whether or not she knows about the activities, would mean if I would make an arrest on her with the others or not. Cocaine is an illegal drug and I have seen what it can do to people. I might lose a friend over it, but arresting them would not only get the drugs off the street, but it will also possibly help those being caught using the substance. There are rehabilitation programs out there to help them. If I chose to let it slide, it could be a slippery slope and lead to me letting it slide more often and letting criminals and possible addicts go. It would play on my conscience to know someone actually partaking in such activities and me not try to help them recover. Yes, I might feel bad for losing a friend, but I’d rather not lose my job and put my children at risk of being homeless. I think it would be for the greater good to call it in versus letting it go. Scenario 2 – Accepting a Gift There is a moral problem in this situation. I am a community police officer and the day before Christmas, an owner of a small marker that has been sociable towards me calls me behind the counter and hands me a fruit basket for my family, and a Christmas card with $30 gift certificate. The moral question is whether or not I accept the gifts. If policy allowed gratuity for officers, I would accept the kind gesture as professional discretion. After all, the owner has participated consistently in community crime-prevention meetings. If policy didn’t allow it, I would have to decline and explain it’s against policy to do so and thank him for his gesture. I strive daily to do the right thing. If it’s against policy to accept a gift given as appreciation for my friendship and service as an officer, then sadly, I would have to decline. If I didn’t, that could lead to a slippery slope. You never know what a person does behind closed doors. He could be the prominent community member he portrays or he could be hosting illegal activities. Scenario 3 – Homosexual Partner You are a supervisor on a medium-size police department. Office Ted Jones is an excellent officer and has been on the force for 16 years. He is also a homosexual and hangs out at a known gay bar in his off time. You have two person patrols and Jones was recently teamed with Officer James Davis. Officer Davis comes to you and asks to be assigned to another partner because Jones is a homosexual. Is there a moral problem presented in the scenario? If so, what is it? I don’t believe there is a moral problem for me personally regarding this situation. I’m a supervisor of a police department. An officer approaches me to ask to be assigned to another partner because the current partner is homosexual. Personally, I don’t care about a person’s sexuality. The homosexual office, Officer Jones, is an excellent officer and has been here for 16 years. I would ask the officer requesting reassignment with a different partner, Officer Davis, whether or not Officer Jones harassed him, and if he didn’t, I would tell him deal with it. If he did, I’d pull in Officer Jones for disciplinary action. There isn’t a policy that stops a homosexual person from having a partner. It’s discriminatory. Officer Davis may hate me after that, but unless Officer Jones harasses him or assaults him, it’s out of my hands. Consciously, I’d be okay letting Jones and Davis stay partners.

Work and Employee Relations in the call centre Essay

Work and Employee Relations in the call centre - Essay Example Employees working in call centres have to get used to the system which is highly monitored and constantly under surveillance by supervisors because of the computer technology integrated into telephone use. Notably, call centres exhibit certain characteristics of Fordist organization/ Taylorist organization. The article addresses the different theoretical perspectives governing call centres and goes further to describe a study carried out in a bid to establish the opinions of call centre employees regarding the type of organization and work related tasks. It emerges that, the employees face the pressure of conforming to the highly computerized inbound and outbound telephone services while bearing with the constant surveillance by the management. This is the reason why employees have been described as participating in emotional labour (Taylor and Bain 1999, p. 101). A Fordist system of organization denotes an organizational structure that relies on technology for increased productivity as well as ensuring the availability of a great market for the standardized products produced by the system. This means that employees rely on the use of technology to perform one task perfectly. Employees in a Fordist organization usually perform one task all year round and there is increased labour division within the organization. A superior level of hierarchical control does exist in Fordist organizations, ensuring that each worker in the production line focuses on an individual task. A clear example of a Fordist organization is the call centre described in the article. As the authors describe, a high level of productivity is evident because of the integration of VDU technologies and telephone services. Moreover, employees stick to production lines performing a single task while utilizing all the available technology to register specialized performance (Taylo r and Bain 1999, p. 102). The fact that a Fordist organization registers a high level of productivity and yields quality

Should Canada share its freshwater with people in the developing world Research Paper

Should Canada share its freshwater with people in the developing world who do not have access to safe and clean freshwater - Research Paper Example It is an essential input for industries, hydropower generation, agricultural activities, subsistence or commercial agriculture and other significant purposes. These activities are the core livelihood of human well-being because they contribute to employment and national economic activities. However, access to safe and clean freshwater has become a global health issue and many nations, especially the developing economies, have been profoundly impacted by water scarcity. The WHO reveals that more than 3,900 children die annually because of waterborne infections (Miller & Spoolman, 2012). The developing nations are being impacted heavily by water related issues, and many families lack access to safe and clean freshwater. Almost half of the population in the developing nations lacks access to safe and clean freshwater because of natural phenomena such as climatic changes due to globalization, rainfall patterns and human factors including high population growth and pollution, thus threate ning sustainable water resources. Reasons Why Canada Should Share Its Freshwater With People in the Developing World The increased demand for freshwater, increased population growth, overexploitation of natural resources and climatic changes are worsening the state of freshwater resources, hence the need for Canadians to share their freshwater with people in the developing nations. First, Canada should share freshwater with the developing nations because there is an increased demand for water sources in the developing world. This results from the high population growth rate in developing nations and overdependence on agricultural activities. Miller (2007) asserts that supplying freshwater for irrigation and drinking is one way of sustaining the earth. This is because many people in the developing nations depend heavily on agricultural activities as their backbone for economic growth. However, many of them are unable to achieve sustainability because of increased poverty levels, whic h is linked with water scarcity. Many of them undergo severe famine because of prolonged drought and water related diseases. Therefore, distribution of safe and clean water will reduce over-competition on scarce water resources and exploitation of water resources, hence achievement of sustainable development. Moreover, the increased population growth rate contributes to an increased demand for water; thus, there is the need for Canadian government to supply adequate fresh water to the developing world. The world report on population reveals that many developing nations have the highest population rate and this contributes to associated problems such as competition for the available scarce resources, encroaching on the water resources areas such as wetlands and forested areas (Bundschuh & Hoinkis, 2012). Wetlands and forests play significant functions in maintaining natural resources, but overpopulation, pollution and competition for natural resources threaten the sustainability of s uch natural resources. Therefore, it is the role of Canadian government to work with other international policy makers to contribute to the global agenda of managing water resources and distributing quality water (Canada, 2005). They will provide access to technology and offer effective training programs in the key development areas of water resource management. This will benefit the developing nations, thus enabling them to access quality water and achieving

Medias Perception of Paris Hiltons Imprisonment Essay

Medias Perception of Paris Hiltons Imprisonment - Essay Example The unit of measure was established by reference to key words for searches. Media's reaction in the pre-serving period is referenced to: blacklash, her image, get rid of her & feeling sorry for her and post era referenced to exclusive story, interviews, appearances & celebrity status. Media channels, databases and key words which will be used for searches are presented in Table 1 Table 1 Media Type Examples of Media monitored Monitoring mechanism Keywords/Topics used for search Television National News programs Topic searched ABC News NBC News Pre-serving period: blacklash, her image, get rid of her & feeling sorry for her NationalMorning Programs Good Morning America Post era - exclusive story, interviews, appearances & celebrity status Magazines National Magazines Cosmopolitan Newsweek Databases Hilton files Media citations will be reviewed to determine that each broadcast or article has affected the perception of Paris Hilton positively has affected the perception of Paris Hilton negatively has not affected the perception of Paris Hilton A mass media log needs to be complied to establish the number of times each specific keyword was covered the total number of broadcasts or articles that appeared in May, June & July 2007 the content and characteristic of the media coverage as they related to the topics Findings During the 66 day monitoring period, number of media coverage exposures will need to be assessed. Of these exposures, the number of times each topics under references was covered will be established - from television, newspapers and databases. The analysis could be presented in a...As an actress, she has appeared in several minor roles, most notably in the horror film House of Wax (2005). Some of her more recognizable screen work has been alongside friend Nicole Richie in The Simple Life. In 2006, she released her debut self-titled album Paris. Hilton has since garnered notoriety as a result of several legal incidents, the repercussions of which have caused Hilton to serve time in a correctional institution in 2007 (Web Site: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Mass media content analysis is to be conducted in the periods from the day of announcement of her sentence until commencement of term and the post sentence period of further one month. There are 66 days in the study period. The unit of measure was established by reference to key words for searches. Media's reaction in the pre-serving period is referenced to: blacklash, her image, get rid of her & feeling sorry for her and post era referenced to exclusive story, interviews, appearances & celebrity status. During the 66 day monitoring period, number of media coverage exposures will need to be assessed. Of these exposures, the number of times each topics under references was covered will be established - from television, newspapers and databases. ANALYZING MEDIA MESSAGES Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research Daniel Riffe Ohio University, Stephe

Intensive Writing - Relationship between two Articles Essay

Intensive Writing - Relationship between two Articles - Essay Example The relationship between these articles can be based on the used themes, opinions addressed and the type of society that was used in the context of the article. "Black like them" is written by Malcolm Gladwell and most of its characters are from New York and its neighborhoods. Joane Nagel, on the other hand, writes â€Å"Constructing Ethnicity Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and culture† and tries to explain how different ethnicities affect the choices made by individuals. The articles share several themes since they have the same historical backgrounds. They had been based on the American society during the war era. During his period, people from different parts of the world searched for ‘greener pastures hence increasing the rate of immigrants in the United States. This action brought up the issue of racism since people moved to America from different countries. From the article, "Black like them" the Malcolm uses different characters to show how racism is evident in the society. Moreover, neighborhoods have been divided along racist lines. These blocks include the whites, Blacks, Hispanics and those who were of mixed races. For example, the writer explains how a West Indian boss claims that Garden city; a middle-class neighborhood is not a place for black people. Racial discrimination is also evident in workplaces, where the Noel works in a firm with a white workmate who is paid more than him irrespective of the same qualifications and work di d. Socialists and researchers from known universities have come up numerous situations to have a better understanding of these societies. The boss was an Indian national who could not differentiate between the Black Americans and those from the Caribbean. Joane in her book "Constructing Ethnicity" relates ethnic identity and its role in racism. This is because racism has its roots in different ethnic groups.  

Recommendation letter carol v0.2-yuwei-ec19970 Essay

Recommendation letter carol v0.2-yuwei-ec19970 - Essay Example She has had experience in leading a group of sales people of which most were much senior to her. Despite this professional gap, she could lead that team to work together cohesively and delivered a good result. This led to her selection in the QDII business launch team and she was expected to make something happen in ambiguity without formal team and authority. As expected, she grew up to the qualitative and quantitative benchmarks. She coordinated the launch of our first bank QDII fund, which despite its market competition could generate over 20 million RMB in a single month. Efficiency in business environment management was observed in her while developing a corporate culture initiative. ‘’The Gourmets†, initiated and founded by her, was one of the most popular clubs under the â€Å"Employee’s Union†. The club not only offered its members chances to try different cuisines but also functioned as a very good platform for positive interaction among all strata of employees. Her burning desire to achieve and learn also impressed me strongly as she had a real strong passion for investment management. She always ensures her capacity building by keeping alive the urge for knowledge and by reaching out to newer domains. I believe and trust in her great deliverance towards the job requirements and superior learning capability. Judy is very intelligent and always keeps a will to learn. However my working experience with her in launching new QDII business could reveal to me, the weakness in her range of knowledge. She had learned a lot of finance and economics as a part of her college curriculum and self-study but was weak in other managerial subjects like marketing and accounting. To be a generalist who could launch and oversee a whole business process, she should attain a more balanced knowledge base. I have no doubt on her academic learning skills. My belief is well averred by her college academic performance as she has scored great in her professional

Exploring the nature of the Postmodern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploring the nature of the Postmodern - Essay Example This transformation has seen the coming and passing of several seasons and eras which have always been defined by particular aspects of life. Modernism and modernity as periods in life were very instrumental in shaping up the destiny and the manner of life in the ages they erupted. It is imperative to realize that such changes basically commence by transforming the mindset of humanity before progressively changing other aspects of life like culture, art, education and sport. In this transformational timescale, the latest era is the postmodern. Postmodernism has totally transmogrified the entire mannerisms and tenets that defined humanity in the earlier epochs. However, inasmuch as postmodernism is meant to be a solution to the basic concept of life, several arguments abound whether it has really been a positive trend it was meant to be. This certainly arises owing to the many issues that surround postmodernism and the several reservations and doubts raised by critics and cynics. That certainly begs the analysis of the whole concept of postmodernism to determine whether these doubts are justified and more importantly to seek into ways and means of making postmodernism an accepted agenda amongst all and sundry. No era in human civilization did transform the world more than modernity and modernism. When postmodernism gradually replaced modernism, its most notable characteristic was its subsequent attack of modernism. In a way, postmodernism is a formulated and calculated move that seeks to debase and criticize the components propounded in modernism. Postmodernists will always seek to find fault in the conventional ways of doing things and in most cases will not submit their solutions or alternatives even after negatively trashing the existing state of affairs (Featherstone, 1995). Postmodernism pervades all sectors of human life including culture, sport, sex, education, philosophy, literature etc .Most importantly, postmodernism if a function of the human

Community Colleges vs College Universites- Compare Contrast Essay Example for Free

Community Colleges vs College Universites- Compare Contrast Essay When graduating high school many students are concerned with choices they have to make as to which college they would like to attend. Some may have more options than others that have to be considered as far as their lifestyle, current jobs, other responsibilities they may have, personality and their academic goals. Choosing a college can be quite difficult. You can either decide on a college university or the local community colleges in your area. Community colleges are smaller than universities. Students will find them to have fewer enrollments which mean smaller classroom sizes. They have a better chance of getting hands on learning, asking more questions and learning course material better. Community colleges have strong advising systems and the advisers know their students well. The courses are usually taught by professors unlike some universities whose courses may taught by grad students. Small colleges as these do not offer near as many courses or academic programs as universities. Tuition at community colleges are so much more cheaper than universities, you may have tuition as much as $3,500. 00 to 5,500. 00 at community colleges versus $30,000. 00 to $50,000. 00 at universities and that itself is a great deal to consider. Another great thing about attending a local community college in your area is that most people can drive back and forth from their own home. They do not have to worry about dorm cost or finding apartments to rent when going away to college universities. College Universities may be for you if you’re interested in having much more degree programs to choose from, if you’re a go getter, not afraid to speak up for yourself and take advantage of opportunities. You may also want to attend a university if you are ready to get away and adventure out from your hometown and meet a whole new diversity of thousands of people. If attending a university you can expect a much higher number of students than a community college. Universities have a wide range of majors and class courses. They tend to have better stocked libraries for all of your researching needs. A lot of students choose universities because of the more programs that are offered and they feel when graduating from a university it looks a lot better having a diploma from a university than community college when applying for a job you have majored in. They also like the fact that there are many activities and a large number of sporting events. They also have a chance to break free and are not tied down at home with their parents. Succeeding at a university requires knowing what areas or subjects you are interested in and motivated about pursuing. Class sizes can contain up to hundreds of students and with that many people in one classroom it can be very hard to keep focus, ask questions and get hands on learning like you can at community colleges. Some students love the environment and find it exciting with that many students but on the other hand others feel depressed and overwhelmed because they may not be able to ask questions and find out the exact information they need to learn. Students who attend universities can be ready to hit the books hard each week and be sure to have a lot of study time. Professors are going to expect a great deal of their students and pile a lot of work on them at one time because they are considered as top-notch schools and they want their students to be well educated and really know the material. It can be very stressful for students who work jobs while in college but they have to make money and support themselves some way or another. Even though universities require a lot of work, students still find time to participate in extracurricular activities such as student organizations or community services. Some even join fraternities and sororities. Universities are likely to have great athletic teams and have a NCAA Divisions with games that are on television. Students love to support their college by wearing school colors on game day and attending all of their games whether they are home or away. Students enjoy the tailgating and party time that comes along with the games, too! Students will either live on the college campus or just a short distance off campus. Most students who stay in dorms have roommates. Some may know their roommates and others may be complete strangers and it can be very uncomfortable for them until they learn who and what kind of person they are. You must expect to sleep in the same room as your roommate, share the bathroom and have no privacy. It’s takes a lot amount of time to get from one place to another on a college university campus because of the number of students. You can expect a rush during lunch hour and a timely wait. There will also be very long lines when trying to register for classes and buying books. It’s up to the person where they choose to attend college. Community colleges and Universities can be very similar but again it’s a whole new world especially when living on a University Campus.

Das ist das verlangen der sterblichen

Das ist das verlangen der sterblichen 3. Resà ¼mee Die bedingungslose Liebe gilt aus unerklà ¤rliches Phà ¤nomen „Der Eros, das ist das Verlangen der Sterblichen nach Unsterblichkeit.[1] und auch in der Weltliteratur befassen sich zahlreiche Werke mit der Verbindung von Liebeslust und Liebesleid. Die Liebe ist wahrscheinlich das am hà ¤ufigsten bearbeitete Thema, denn auch wenn man das Gefà ¼hl nicht ausdrà ¼cken kann, bildet es das Zentrum des menschlichen Lebens. Liebe ist mà ¤chtig, und eine Schwà ¤che zugleich, nimmt einem alle Waffen und wer von ihr getrieben wird, ist oftmals bereit fà ¼r sie bis à ¼ber das Ende seines Lebens hinaus zu kà ¤mpfen. Sie resultiert in den Verlust des Realità ¤tsbewusstseins der Menschen, sie werden „blind und sehen nur noch das Positive und Entschuldbare wà ¤hrend sie dem Gà ¶ttlichen und Mà ¤chtigen nà ¤her kommen, welches die Liebe durch die Reproduzierbarkeit des Leben mit sich bringt. Anders ergeht es einem, wenn der Tod thematisiert wird, sofort à ¤ndert sich die Atmosphà ¤re, die Menschen leiden unter ihm und eine passende Reaktion ist schwer auszumachen. „Niemand kennt den Tod, und niemand weiß, ob er fà ¼r den Menschen nicht das allergrà ¶ÃƒÅ¸te Glà ¼ck ist.[2] Der Tod verbindet bis in die Ewigkeit und bereitet der Existenz ein Ende, man entkommt dem Leben zerstà ¶rt es zugleich. Die Liebe kann zu dem unklugem Handeln fà ¼hren, welches im Tod endet und zeitgleich ist sie der Hà ¶hepunkt des Lebens, der nicht mehr à ¼bertroffen werden kann und soll. Dies veranlagt von den Liebenden eine autonome Entscheidung zu treffen, indem sie sterben damit dieser Hà ¶hepunkt bestehen bleibt. Doch fà ¼r den Liebestod gilt auch die Sinnlosigkeit des eigenen Lebens, die man ohne den Partner befà ¼rchtet, als Motiv, wà ¤hrend die Leidenschaft gegen die Konvention kà ¤mpft und die Liebe à ¼ber den Verstand des Menschen triumphiert. Nun begegnen sich diese abstrakten Dinge, doch kann man sagen, dass die Liebe stà ¤rker ist als der Tod? Es muss einen Gewinner geben, denn „Liebestrieb (Eros) und „Todestrieb (Thanatos) sind gegensà ¤tzliche Triebe[3]. Wà ¤hrend der Liebestrieb Einheiten schaffen mà ¶chte, will der Todestrieb diese zerstà ¶ren. Hinfà ¼hrung zum Thema Die Verbindung zwischen Liebe und Tod ist nichts Neues: „Nichts kann außer dem Tod Ziel geben und Ruhe der Liebe.[4] und noch heute wird der Liebestod stetig diskutiert ist in vielen Kunstwerken verschiedener Epochen erkennbar, wie auch in Der Tod in Venedig (1912) von Thomas Mann und in Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe (1855) von Gottfried Keller. Beide Schriftsteller lebten in Deutschland, nur eine Generation auseinander und dennoch sind unterschiedlichere Schreibstile kaum anderweitig auffindbar. wà ¤hrend sie beide den Liebestod behandeln und trotz sehr verschiedener Inhalte, ein à ¤hnliches Ende aufweisen, denn der Tod wird der letzte Ausweg fà ¼r die verbotene Liebe. Der Tod ist etwas Geheimnisvolles und auch die Liebe, die etwas Schà ¶nes, Gutes und Genussvolles ist, bleibt unerklà ¤rlich, doch die Liebenden wà ¤hlen fà ¼r das à ¼berdauern der Liebe den geheimnisvollen Tod zu gehen. Doch die Verbindung zwischen Thanatos und Eros tritt nicht plà ¶tzlich auf, es gibt einen Zeitpunkt an dem entschieden wird, dass der der Tod die kompromisslose Entscheidung fà ¼r die Liebe ist. An diesem Zeitpunkt angekommen, à ¤ndert sich denken und handeln der Charaktere und auch der Schreibstil wandelt sich. Auch in anderen Kà ¼nsten, scheuen sich Kà ¼nstler lange nicht mehr davor, eine Beziehung zwischen einem Lebenden und einem Toten darzustellen, wie Der Tod Hyazinths, von J. Broc im 19. Jahrhundert gezeichnet, zeigt, oder auch die Oper Orpheus und Eurydike von Haydn, die er, inspiriert von Erzà ¤hlungen Ovids und Vergils, bereits 1791 komponierte. Liebe und Tod vereinigt, trotz dem sie auf den ersten Blick gegensà ¤tzlicher nicht sein kà ¶nnten. Es muss ein Auslà ¶ser findbar sein der die Liebenden den Weg von der Liebe zum Tod einschlagen là ¤sst, ich befasse mich in diesem Essay mit dieser Fà ¼hrung von der Liebe zum Tod, und wie diese inhaltlich und stilistisch in den Werken dargestellt wird. Begrà ¼ndung des Themas Auswahl der Werke Boccaocio schrieb 1358 „Das Dekameron, heute, 650 Jahre spà ¤ter, beschà ¤ftigen sich Menschen noch immer mit Todesliebe, einer unerklà ¤rbaren Besonderheit. Ich habe diese Werke ausgewà ¤hlt, da sie zwar beide das Thema Todesliebe beinhalten, aber dennoch, sowohl inhaltlich als auch stilistisch, sehr verschieden verfasst wurden. Wà ¤hrend die Liebe oftmals als etwas Gutes gilt, benennt man den Tod „das Loch. Es wirkt so abwegig, diese beiden Dinge immer wieder in Zusammenhang miteinander zu bringen. Genau dieser Mysterie, wie und wann das Zusammenschmelzen von Liebe und Tod geschieht, mà ¶chte ich anhand dieser hochinteressanten deutschen Werke belegen. Ich habe recherchiert, dokumentiert und getestet, wie der Zustand der Liebe und der des Todes zusammenhà ¤ngen und wieso die Menschen so fasziniert davon sind. Es ist so oft thematisiert, „Tristan und Isolde, „Hymne an die Nacht und „Romeo und Julia, dies sind nur drei von unzà ¤hligen Werken, die sich inhaltlich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen Liebe und Tod beschà ¤ftigen. Doch auch im Alltag ist das Phà ¤nomen Todesliebe aufzufinden, die Liebenden verlieren beinahe ihre Angst vor dem Tod, wà ¼rden ihn fà ¼r den Geliebten in Kauf nehmen. Da sich viele Kà ¼nstler mit Liebestod befasst haben, gibt es eine Vielfalt an Sekundà ¤rliteratur. Der Tod in Venedig beinhaltet zudem auch Psychologie und eine Analyse der Situationen, dies ist hilfreich, um die anfangs gestellte Frage von einem weiteren Blickwinkel zu betrachten, denn die heutige leistungsorienterte Gesellschaft hat ganz andere Sorgen. Die Liebe fà ¼hrt hier zu einem verhà ¤nglichen Tod und dieses fiktionale Werk weist zudem einige à ¼bereinstimmungen zwischen dem fiktionalem und dem realen Autor auf, so erlaubt diese Novelle also zeitgleich eine Analyse des weltbekannten Thomas Mann, der zwar eine Frau heiratete, aber stets an Mà ¤nnern interessiert war. Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe ist zugleich Aufklà ¤rung und Unterhaltung, die Novelle kritisiert ironisch und durchdacht die damalige Gesellschaft und wurde auf einem wahren Zeitungsartikel basiert. Durch die Liebe der beiden Protagonisten verliert der Tod an Bedeutung und es scheint fast natà ¼rlich und rational, diesen Weg des Lebensende zu wà ¤hlen. Die Kinder beenden jedoch nicht nur ihr Leben, sondern zeitgleich auch ihre Abhà ¤ngigkeit und ihr schlechtes Gewissen. Problemfragen Wer ist Schuld am Tod? (Ist es das Schicksal das sie dazu verleitet? Ist es gar die Intention anderer Menschen, dass dieser Weg eingeschlagen wird?) Musste es so enden? (Gibt es keinen Ausweg? Muss der Konflikt der Liebe im Tod enden?) Ist ein solches Phà ¤nomen auch heute noch auffindbar? (Gibt es heutzutage Therapien, die Menschen von dem Liebestod erfolgreich abhalten?) Was ist letzten Endes der Gewinner des Kampfes? Ist Liebe nur eine Krankheit? (Und wenn ja, die Fà ¼rchterlichste von allen? Ist es eine mentale Krankheit?) Abgrenzung des Untersuchungsgegenstandes nach Zeit, Raum, Literaturauswahl Wie vorherig erwà ¤hnt, wird sich dieses Essay auf die beiden Werke Der Tod in Venedig und Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe konzentrieren. Es wird vor allem der Weg von dem Schà ¶nen, beschwinglichen Gefà ¼hl bis hin zu dem Ende der Existenz betrachtet. Der Tod in Venedig von Thomas Mann verfasste er vor Ort in Italien und Tadzio gab es wahrhaftig. Dadurch, dass der Protagonist sich auf eine Reise von Mà ¼nchen nach Venedig, was gleichzeitig sein Weg in seinen Untergang ist, begibt, erlebt der Leser viele aufregende Situationen, der Untergang selbst jedoch ereignet sich in einem kurzen Zeitraum, innerhalb etwa eines Monats, verfà ¤llt der gefeierte Kà ¼nstler. Die Anwendung von Leitmotiven en masse kreiert eine Spannung, die den Leser animiert das Ende zu erahnen, aber sich stets zu fragen, ob dies ein „Happy End sein wird. Das Werk ist sehr provokant, da Homosexualità ¤t, oder auch nur die Anziehung zwischen dem gleichen Geschlecht ein Tabu-Thema der damaligen Gesellschaft darstellte. Dennoch gelingt es dem Autoren, Schà ¶nheit und Romantik so mit dem Tod zu verbinden, dass dieses Werk eines der meist verkauften Werke Manns wurde. à ¼ber Der Tod in Venedig sagte Thomas Mann selbst: „Es scheint mir, dass mir hier etwas vollkommen geglà ¼ckt ist.[5] Eine à ¼berraschende à ¤ußerung, wenn man bedenkt, dass der sonst kritische Autor kaum ein Selbstlob à ¼ber seine Lippen brachte. Die Erwartungen des Lesers an dieses Werk sind dementsprechend groß, schon lange vor dem eigentlichen Leseerlebnis. Es beinhaltet den à ¤sthetizismus und Nihilismus des Hauptcharakters und diese sind es, die das Werk so aufregend und neuartig machen. Die Pà ¤derastie oder „laxe wie Mann es nannte in diesem Werk ist ironisch, da Mà ¤nner ab 54 Jahren, laut Philosophen, seit 390 v. Chr. diesen Akt ausfà ¼hren, nicht aber jà ¼ngere Herren. Es ist die Velleità ¤t des 53-jà ¤hrigen nobilitierten Schriftstellers die ihn letztendlich in seinen Tod fà ¼hrt. Er schwankt zwischen Leugnung und Bekenntnis diese Wechsel sind es auch, die die Ereignisse zeitweise ernsthaft und zeitweise ironisch darstellen. Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe spielt in einem Dorf und die Liebe ist zwischen Kleinbà ¼rgern, die Konflikte des Werkes konzentrieren sich nicht nur auf die Liebe und den Tod, sondern auch auf den Konflikt zwischen der Gesellschaft und dem Einzelnen. Die Dramatik der Dorfgeschichte resultiert aus dem Streit der Và ¤ter, der nicht beglichen werden kann, und diese Feindschaft letztendlich zum Freitod der beiden Liebenden fà ¼hrt. Es ist ein moralischer Appell an die gesamte Gesellschaft, denn hier wird der Ruin dargestellt, der durch den Streit à ¼ber eine Generation hinaus geht. Die Tragà ¶die basiert auf einem Zeitungsartikel, den der Autor 1847 las. Keller nutzt dieses Werk als Kritik und vereint Stil und Inhalt zu einem noch immer aktuellem Werk. Ebenso weist dieses Werk besondere Zeit- und Raumstrukturen auf. Praktische Probleme bei der Forschung Wà ¤hrend der Recherche bin ich immer wieder an meine Grenzen gestoßen, vor allem gestaltete sich das Auswà ¤hlen der Referenzen als schwierig, da verschiedene Informationen von vielen verschiedenen Quellen aufzufinden waren, und ich musste entscheiden, welche nun die serià ¶seren waren. Viel der Sekundà ¤rliteratur war hilfreich, aber auch im Internet waren viele Informationen zu Liebe und Tod auffindbar, allerdings erwies sich besonders im Worldwideweb die Ausfilterung der nichtbrauchbaren Informationen als schwierig. 5.Teil Aufbau der Analyse Die Analyse ist so aufgebaut, dass zunà ¤chst der Inhalt und Stil der beiden Werke im Detail analysiert werden und spà ¤ter werden Themen und Stilmittel gegenà ¼ber gestellt, damit eine Generalisierung so wie ein Vergleich mà ¶glich ist. Sitlistisch und inhaltlich là ¤sst sich erkennen, dass die Werke einen bestimmten Moment haben, in denen die Protagonisten sich fà ¼r den Tod entscheiden, anstelle von Kompromisse einzugehen, der Vernunftverlust là ¤sst sie diese aber außer Acht lassen. Ich beginne mit Der Tod in Venedig deshalb, da er auf die Antike zurà ¼ckgreift und so, auch wenn es spà ¤ter verfasst wurde, frà ¼here Wurzeln hat. Teil B Analyse 1. Der Tod in Venedig inhaltlich stilistisch Inhalt: Der Tod in Venedig Refklektion des Einfluss der grierischen Gà ¶tter auf Schà ¶nheit Die Fà ¼hrung von der Liebe zum Tod wird in diesem Werk ist erst mit dem letzten Satz vollendet. Die Novelle beginnt mit einem prologartigem Kapitel, in dem die Reiselust Aschenbachs, ein an Schreibhemmungen leidender Schriftsteller, bei einem Spaziergang entfacht wird, als er einen Wanderer am Friedhof entdeckt. Durch diesen beginnt er von einem fernen dionysischem, tropischem Sumpfgebiet zu trà ¤umen. Er wird von Gedanken fortgetragen, die ihm eine Flucht aus seinem Alltag ermà ¶glichen. Als er aus seiner Trance wiedererwacht, ist der Wanderer verschwunden, doch die Reiselust bleibt bestehen. Lediglich der entstandene Konflikt innerhalb dem Charakter selbst zwischen Vernunft und Befreiung deutet auf eine Tragà ¶die hin. Das darauf folgende Kapitel trà ¤gt die Exposition nach, in der der Charakter nà ¤her erlà ¤utert wird indem sein Lebenswerk und seine Familie vorgestellt werden. Man bekommt so Einblick in seine Vergangenheit und erfà ¤hrt von Aschenbachs Ruhm und seinen Problemen damit, beispielsweise ist er sehr ehrgeizig „[..] sein Lieblingswort war „Durchhalten- (S.21). und nimmt gerne eine Vorbildfunktion ein, die ihm Ehre und Ruhm aber auch viele Arbeitsstunden bescherte.Erst spà ¤ter erbarmt sich Thomas Mann und beschreibt das Aussehen des Schriftstellers „Diese Augen, mà ¼de und tief durch die Glà ¤ser blickend. (S. 30) welches eine deutliche Schlaffheit aufweist und wieder ist ein interner Konflikt erkennbar, denn die weit entfernte Vergangenheit war von wenig Glà ¼ck geprà ¤gt, die nahe aber um so mehr, doch anscheinend fehlt dem Erfolgreichen noch immer etwas zum wahrhaftig Frohsinn. Im dritten Kapitel bricht Aschenbach fluchtartig vor sich selbst und dem Gewohnten auf, zunà ¤chst auf die Adria-Insel wo er nicht lang verweilt, denn das Schicksal hat etwas Anderes fà ¼r ihn bestimmt. So folgt die Fahrt nach Venedig, die ein, wegen der zahlreichen Todesmotive, ein sehr wichtiger und eindrucksvoller Teil der Novelle ist. Beginnend mit dem alten, dà ¼steren Schiff, dann ein unsauberer Matrose; ein Greis, der den klà ¤glichen Versuch wagt jà ¼nger zu erscheinen als er ist, weisen klare satanistische Attribute auf, und spà ¤ter auch die schwarze Gondel, die einem Sarg gleicht. Wiederholt spielt das Schicksal Aschenbach einen Streich, als der Gondelfahrer das große, offene Meer ansteuert und auf mysterià ¶se Weise verschwunden ist, als Aschenbach ihn nach der Fahrt bezahlen will, vergleichbar mit dem Wanderer im ersten Kapitel. Der Wendepunkt der Novelle ereignet sich, als Gustav sein Hotel erreicht, das Vollkommene wird vorgestellt, die Liebe in Aschenbach wird entfacht. Tadzio wird beschrieben als „vollkommen schà ¶n. (S. 50) „Sein Antlitz, bleich und anmutig verschlossen, von honigfarbenem Haar umringelt, mit der gerade abfallenden Nase, dem lieblichen Munde, dem Ausdruck von holdem und gà ¶ttlichen Ernst, erinnerte an griechische Bildwerke aus edelster Zeit. Allerdings wirkt alles an ihm krà ¤nklich, ein Zeichen des Todes, das selbst Aschenbach auffà ¤llt, jedoch ist er zu ergriffen, um vor ihm zurà ¼ckzuschrecken. Seine homoerotischen Gefà ¼hle und Besessenheit sind unleugbar; denn in der detaillierte Beschreibung des Jungen, wird auf jede Besonderheit, aber auch auf jede Normalità ¤t hingewiesen. Dazu kommen die eher unattraktiven Betrachtungen des weiblichen Publikums „eine kleine und korpulente Halbdame mit rotem Gesicht. (s.52) Bald darauf entstehen externe Konflikte, denn Aschenbach gedenkt mehrmals aufgrund der schwà ¼len Witterung, vor der er schon in Deutschland versuchte zu fliehen, abzureisen. Allerdings hà ¤lt seine Begeisterung fà ¼r den Polen ihn zurà ¼ck und er beginnt fà ¼r den Jungen zu atmen. Er beobachtet ihn, redet in Gedanken mit ihm und scheut sich nicht, sein Verhalten zu analysieren. Aschenbachs Erfolg zeigt sich, als er den Namen des Jà ¼ngling erfà ¤hrt. Spà ¤ter will der Autor nochmals abreisen, doch sein Gepà ¤ck gelangt nicht an den Bahnhof, sondern nach Cosmo. Doch anstelle von Wut ist der Hauptprotagonist erleichtert, denn so muss er den Knaben nicht verlassen. Nun folgt eine Art Verlà ¤ngerung des vorherigen Kapitels, ein retardierender Moment, in dem Tadzio weiterhin nah ist und gehuldigt wird. Die verzà ¶gerte Handlung steigert die Erwartung des Lesers, da der Kà ¼nstler den Jungen nie anspricht, sondern stattdessen verwirrt seinen wilden Gedanken nachgeht. Jede Distanz wird aufgehoben „War er nicht ihm, dem Kà ¼nstler bekannt und vertraut? Wirkte er nicht auch in ihm? (S.83), alles wirkt intim beinahe zu intim „seine Achselhà ¶hlen waren noch glatt wie bei einer Statue (S. 83) und der Schriftsteller ist „verzaubert (S. 81), gesteht es sich jedoch nicht ein. Am Ende des Kapitels schlagen die Wà ¼nsche des Schriftstellers in Sorgen um, doch dann là ¤chelt der Bursche ihm zu und dieses „Geschenk là ¤sst den Vernarrten „die stehende Formel der Sehnsucht, unmà ¶glich hier, absurd, verworfen, là ¤cherlich und heilig doch, ehrwà ¼rdig hier noch „Ich liebe dich! (S. 97) flà ¼stern. Im finalen Kapitel bemerkt der Verliebte zwar Verà ¤nderungen der Stimmung, des Geruchs hin zu einem „Opferduft (S. 101) und im Verhalten, aber von der Liebe getrieben, fà ¼hlt er sich durch seine heimliche Liebe so geheimnisvoll wie die Stadt selbst und sieht die dramatische Situation eher als Abenteuer. Viel gefà ¤hrlicher stuft er hingegen die Mà ¶glichkeit ein, dass der Schà ¶nling abreisen kà ¶nnte und somit seine Hoffnung ihn endlich lieben zu dà ¼rfen sterben wà ¼rde. Die Sehnsucht nach seiner Nà ¤he steigert sich weiterhin und à ¼berlà ¤sst nichts mehr dem Zufall. Sein Fall geht rapide vor sich, bald wird er im Vorgarten des Hotels von Straßensà ¤ngern unterhalten, welche auch Todesmotive darstellen. Der Tod des Fà ¼hlenden ist folglich in unmittelbarer Nà ¤he. Endlich erfà ¤hrt der Getriebene um was fà ¼r ein à ¼bel der Stadt es sich handelt: Die indische Cholera Durchfall und Erbrechen die schon einer Menge von Menschen das Leben gekostet hat. Der Verrà ¼ckte beginnt, sich anders zu benehmen: er verliert sein Niveau, auf das er einst so viel Wert legte, indem er versucht dem Alter davon zu laufen, doch es missglà ¼ckt. Er ist weiterhin erschà ¶pft und geleitet von seiner Gier nach dem 14-Jà ¤hrigen. Das unwohle Gefà ¼hl in ihm wird stà ¤rker und er zitiert einen Dialog zwischen Sokrates und Phaidros der mit den Worten endet „Und nun gehe ich, Phaidros, bleibe du hier; und erst wenn du mich nicht mehr siehst, so gehe auch du.(S.135) Er erkennt, dass seine Liebe ihn in den Tod fà ¼hren wird, doch er ist weder im Stande, noch im Willen dies zu à ¤ndern, da es aussichtslos ist. Als Tadzio, gekrà ¤nkt von einem Freund, ins Meer flieht, will Aschenbach nachkommen, doch dazu kommt es schon nicht mehr, er sinkt stattdessen schlaff neben seinem Stuhl zusammen. Der Nekrolog zeigt deutlich, wie weit Aschenbach gesunken ist. Das finale Kapitel ist der Niedergang und der Konflikt zwischen Liebe und Tod endet und ein klarer Sieger ist: Die Liebe. Stil Kritisch-ironisch Gerundium-Stil Austritt aus Realità ¤t (Prà ¤sens der Gà ¶tter) Stilistisch là ¤sst sich eine Verà ¤nderung wà ¤hrend dem Fortlaufen des Geschehens feststellen. Allgemein findet man naturalistische Einflà ¼sse wie die Cholera und die prà ¤zise Beschreibung von Orten und Menschen trà ¤gt zu einem modernen Werk bei. Die Hauptperson ist der Kritik des Autors ausgesetzt, nicht zuletzt wegen seiner dekadenten Lebenshaltung, doch gleichzeitig ist ein romantisches Werk erschaffen, denn Tod und Liebe werden miteinander verknà ¼pft und der Schauplatz ist die romantische Stadt Venedig. Apollo und Dinoysos werden gegeneinander aufgespielt und der Tod nimmt verschiedenste Gestalten an, die stetig gesteigert werden. So wurde eine Novelle kreiert, die den Leser in die Zeit des fiktionalen Geschehens transferiert. Die klassische Struktur und die kompensierte Sprache und der auktoriale Erzà ¤hler vermittelt der Autor die Meinung des Erzà ¤hlers und der Charaktere. Das Wissen des Erzà ¤hlers ist beinahe unbegrenzt und zeitweise ist der Leser den Charakteren voraus und so gelangt eine spritzige Ironie in das Werk. Vor allem der Gebrauch von mitteralterlichen und antiken Todessymbolen verleiht dem Werk einen mysterià ¶sen Hauch. Die Ausgangsposition des Werkes ist Trauer, Demut und Krisenstimmung. Im Anfangskapitel erfà ¤hrt man in extrem komplexen Sà ¤tzen zunà ¤chst die Ironie der Erzà ¤hlung, man ist sofort in der Seele des Helds. Sein Tagtraum, in ein dynoisisches Sumpfgebiet zu reisen, là ¤sst den Leser ein bà ¶ses Ende vorahnen und auch das Wetter spiegelt die unglà ¼ckliche, ausgelaugte Stimmung des Protagonisten wider. Dass die erste Seite schon ein Zitat „motus animi continuus beinhaltet, zeigt, dass Thomas Mann belesen und intelligent ist, doch er ehrt fà ¤lschlich Cicero anstelle von Colet. Das eigentliche Zitat aber unterstreicht nochmals die Anspannung des Helds und die Kreuze und Gedà ¤chtnistafeln des Friedhofs sind weitere Todesmotive. Der fremde Wanderer, der Hermes, der Leiter der Menschen in die Unterwelt, offensichtlich gleicht, ist das Schicksal Gustavs und die erste, aber nicht einzige, Leitfigur dieses Werkes. Dieser Zufall ist der Einzige dieses Werkes, und es war nà ¶tig, um das Schicksal anzukurbeln, denn hier beginnt die Tragà ¶die. Weiterhin wird das Geschehen kommentiert, aber der Erzà ¤hler neigt zu Untertreibungen und Unprà ¤zisionen, denn innerhalb dieser komplexen Sà ¤tze findet man keine Jahreszahl, sondern zeitliche und rà ¤umliche Ausweitung, die viel Platz fà ¼r Imagination lassen. In dem zweiten Kapitel ist weiterhin ein Vokabular das von Archaismen Gebrauch macht auffindbar, doch auch eine Kongurenz zwischen Inhalt und Ton ist erkennbar, als der Erfolg des Helds beschrieben wird. Die Wortwahl ist pompà ¶s und à ¼berzeugend, wodurch Mann einen leistungsstarken Schriftsteller kreiert, dessen Verlangen nach Ruhm unstillbar ist und somit in die Kritik Manns gelangt. Dennoch ist die Offenbarung Aschenbachs Vergangenheit eine Erlà ¶sung fà ¼r den Leser, endlich muss er nicht mehr rà ¤tseln, sondern erfà ¤hrt, was fà ¼r eine Persà ¶nlichkeit der Held ist. Seine feste Faust unterstreicht seinen Willen und die Stà ¤rke, die schon zuvor zum Ausdruck gebracht wurde, rhetorische Fragen, Substanzivierungen und Antonomasien verhelfen Thomas Mann zu einem Stil, der vor Selbstsicherheit und Wissen strotzt, dennoch scheint manche Wortwahl à ¼bertrieben und nur zum Zwecke der Anspielung gedacht. Das dritte Kapitel unterscheidet sich strukturell von den vorherigen, da es deutlich là ¤nger ist. Venedig als Reiseziel passt zu dem Geschehen, denn in dieser mà ¤rchenhaften Stadt trifft der Hauptcharakter auf den mà ¤rchenhaft, à ¼bermenschlichen Tadzio. Die Beschreibungen werden noch prà ¤ziser und eine exquisite Wortwahl ist auffindbar, dies beinhaltet den Gebrauch von ausgefallenen Adjektiven und Widersprà ¼chen, die auf das Oberflà ¤chliche fixiert sind und beim Vorlesen singen die gewà ¤hlten Worte. Doch auch das Verbotene ist im Stil auffindbar, statt versteckter Hinweise findet man nun deutliche Todessymbole, wie die schwarze Gondel und Todesboten, die die Attribute des Satans aufweisen und oft tritt die gefà ¤hrliche Farbe Rot in den Vordergrund. Durch die Synà ¤sthesie gelangt das Schreckliche immer weiter in den Mittelpunkt. Die Anwendung von wà ¶rtlicher Rede, Selbstgesprà ¤chen und direkten Gedanken zeigt nun ein konkretes Anwesensein des Erzà ¤hlers, doch er kommentiert weiterhin und ist stets distanziert gegenà ¼ber dem Protagonisten. Generell là ¤sst sich aber der weitere Gebrauch von Fremdwà ¶rtern und Substanzivierungen feststellen, aber nun wird sogar Eros erwà ¤hnt, man merkt, wie die Spannung steigt. Thomas Mann nutzt rhetorische Stilmittel, um die Stimmung von Gefahr zu vermitteln, und dies gelingt ihm, trotz oder grade wegen der langen Sà ¤tze, die einen schnellen Lesefluss ermà ¶glichen.Mit Tadzio kreiert Mann ein à ¼bermenschliches Kunstwerk, dass genau das Fehlende in Aschenbachs Leben zu sein schien. Das folgende Kapitel hat einen Handlungsverlust, der auch im Stil merkbar ist, zunà ¤chst kommentiert der Erzà ¤hler wie zuvor und Mann greift auf die Odyssee Homers zurà ¼ck um die Natur zu beschreiben und eine falsche Idylle zu kreieren. Die Liebe zu dem Jà ¼ngling wird wiederholt dramatisch dargestellt, die Gesamtsituation Aschenbachs wird mit Partizipien, Alliterationen und Antonomasien auf eine à ¼berdurchschnittliche Ebene gehoben. Doch hier ist eine Ironie durch den Erzà ¤hler bemerkbar, die diese Dramatik beinahe falsch erscheinen là ¤sst, der Leser wird zwar aufgefordert ein Bild vor Augen zu kreieren, mit Hilfe von Synà ¤sthesie und Vergleichen, doch man merkt deutlich, wie das Ende der Novelle und des Helds naht. Die rhetorischen Fragen fordern den Leser zum Nachdenken auf, denn hier geht es nicht nur um Aschenbach, der Liebesverrà ¼ckt ist, sondern jeden Einzelnen, der versucht, sich selbst zu entkommen, man befindet sich hier auf eine Metaebene, die zuvor nicht vorhanden war. Das letzte Kapitel beinhaltet viele Imaginationen des Hauptcharakters und weiterhin zitiert der Erzà ¤hler, allerdings um Dramatik zu kreieren. Der Monolog Aschenbach unterstreicht dessen Verrà ¼cktheit, er ist getrieben von der Liebe und sein Fall wird letzten Endes vollendet. Von dem einst bekannten und beliebten Schriftsteller ist nichts mehr à ¼brig, stattdessen hilft das Oxymeron Liebe und Tod ironisch sinnvoll zu vereinigen. Die erlebte Rede, die Ausrufezeichen, all dies sind dramatische Effekte, der Leser wird eingespannt in die Spannung. Die komplexen Sà ¤tze beinhalten grauenvolle und ekelhafte Beschreibungen, als Unterstreichung des Falls von Aschenbach. 2. Romeo und Julia inhaltlich stilistisch Inhalt: Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe In dieser Novelle sind keine Kapitel, aber dennoch lineare Abschnitte auffindbar. Sie beginnt zunà ¤chst mit der Exposition, darauf folgt der Aufbau des Konflikts, dann der Gewissenskonflikt der Liebenden, daraufhin wird die Handlung verzà ¶gert und darauf folgt die romantische Katastrophe. Die Exposition belà ¤uft sich auf wenige Seiten, in denen die Charaktere gezeigt werden wie sie im idyllischen Seldwyla leben und arbeiten. Die Ortschaft wird beschrieben und zwei Bauernfamilien stehen im Mittelpunkt, die Kinder sind befreundet und teilen viele Geheimnisse. Der Schein trà ¼gt jedoch, denn die jungen Kinder weisen schon ein grausames Verhalten auf, als sie „ihn [den Kopf] sorgfà ¤ltig los von dem ausgequetschten Leichnam (S. 9) trennten. Außerdem liegt zwischen den Anwesen der Familien ein unzuordbares Acker. Dann folgt der Aufbau der Streithandlung zwischen den Bauern, Manz erwirbt nun rechtlich fà ¼r viel Geld den Acker, behauptet aber, dass Marti ihm Land geklaut habe. Die ganze Konzentration ist auf den eskalierenden Streit gerichtet, anstelle auf ihre à ¤cker, „[..]und ruhten nicht, ehe sie beide zugrunde gerichtet waren. (S.17) so leiden sie bald unter Geldmangel und die Kinder unter Kontaktlosigkeit. Vrenches Mutter stirbt daraufhin an Kummer, wà ¤hrend Vrenchen versucht aus der miserablen Lage das Beste zu machen. Salis Mutter aber verwà ¶hnt ihren Sohn, wann immer sie kann, damit er zumindest ansehnlich scheint. Bald darauf erreicht die Armut einen Hà ¶hepunkt, denn Manz Familie muss den Acker aufgeben und in die Stadt migrieren, um ihrer Not zu entkommen und erwerben eine schà ¤bige Gastronomie. Sie werden von den Stadtbà ¼rgern nicht ernst genommen und leiden weiterhin an Geldnot und Hunger. Auch Marti orientiert sich nun neu: am Fischen. So kommt es zu einem Treffen mit den Kindern, Manz und Marti, als beide im selben Fluss fischen. Der Streit eskaliert und es kommt zum Kampf zwischen den Bauern, wà ¤hrenddessen die beiden Kinder das Verhalten ihrer Và ¤ter unwà ¼rdig finden, sich aber nach langer Zeit wieder nà ¤her kommen. Ab hier beginnt der zweite Handlungsstrang der Geschichte, die Liebeshandlung. „[..]indem er voll Liebe in Nacht und Wetter hinein und das liebe Gesicht anlachte.. (S.33) Die beiden habe die Liebe wieder entdeckt und Sali verliert dadruch seine Umwelt aus den Augen, sein einziges Ziel wird nun, sich der Geliebten zu nà ¤hern. Auch Vrenchen versucht, den Burschen zu beeindrucken, in dem sie vorgibt eine perfekte Hausfrau zu sein. Als Sali sie besucht, entscheiden sie, sich vor den Và ¤tern zu verstecken und verabreden ein geheimes Treffen an dem Ort, an dem sie schon als Kind zusammen spielten und bald darauf spazieren sie gemeinsam à ¼ber die à ¤cker. Plà ¶tzlich tritt der „schwarze Geiger(s.40) auf und berichtet den Kindern, dass die Và ¤ter selbst Schuld an ihrem Unglà ¼ck seien, denn sie waren es, die ihm sein Habe nicht anerkannt haben, daraufhin verschwindet er in Richtung des Dorfes, die Liebenden sind verà ¤ngstigt und verwirrt, doch Vrenchen findet bald ihre Heiterkeit wieder, sie scherzen à ¼ber eine Heirat, auch wenn sie bemerkt, dass sie keine gemeinsame Zukunft haben. Dann taucht Marti „mit bà ¶sen Blicken (S. 47) auf und bestraft seine Tochter fà ¼r das geheime Treffen mit dem Sohn seines Feindes, Sali reagiert, indem er Marti mit einem Stein auf den Kopf schlà ¤gt, was in Verstandsverlust resulitert. Wiederholt stellen die beiden Kinder fest, dass ihre Liebe nicht sein darf und kann. Darauf folgt die Handlungsverzà ¶gerung, Marti muss in eine Anstalt und sein Haus und Hof werden verkauft, sodass auch Vrenchen fortgehen muss. Beide Liebenden sind sich unschlà ¼ssig à ¼ber ihre Zukunft, beschließen aber, gemeinsam fortzulaufen. Am Tage der Flucht sind beide herausgeputzt und Sali bringt Vrenchen Sonntagsschuhe, Vrenchen genießt die Mà ¶glichkeit, sich bei der Kà ¤uferin des Bettes als Braut auszugeben „Seht, Sali ist mein Hochzeiter. (S. 60) wodurch sie den Respekt der Kà ¤uferin erlangt. Bald machen sie und Sali sich auf den Weg ins nà ¤chste Dorf, um sich dort in einer Gaststà ¤tte niederzulassen, wo Vrenchen wiederholt die Brautrolle à ¼bernimmt und auch Sali genießt die Zeit mit ihr sehr. „Denn die armen Leute mussten an diesem einen Tage, der ihnen vergà ¶nnt war, alle Manieren und Stimmungen durchleben. (S. 67) So wandern sie ins nà ¤chste Dorf und dann zum Kirchweih, wo sie sich gegenseitig Lebkuchengebà ¤ck schenken und unwissendlich voneinander Ringe kaufen, das Glà ¼ck der beiden wird aber bald von den neugierigen Blicken anderer Seldwylaner getrà ¼bt und fliehen abermals, nun in ein Wirtshaus, „Paradiesgà ¤rtlein. Der Zufall will es, dass sie den schwarzen Geiger dor

Streak Plate And Viable Cell Count

Streak Plate And Viable Cell Count Aim and introduction should display insight into what the streak plate and viable cell count method are employed to achieve. They should also introduce MacConkey agar and how its selective and differential properties allow the characteristics of the test organism to be determined. Escherichia coli (E.coli) The aim of this experiment is to allow a certain bacterium to divide and multiply enabling us to view the bacteria in a single cell structure. E.coli is one bacterium that is good for such an experiment. E.coli can be said to be both bad and harmless, some E.coli bacteria have are highly toxic and can harm humans and animals. However, the majority of E.coli strains are relatively harmless with low toxicity. These harmless strains of E.coli are found naturally occurring in the human body, especially in areas such as the human intestines. Some E.coli can even benefit their hosts; they do this by producing specific vitamins. It is for reasons like the ones mentioned why E.coli is an appropriate bacteria to use for this experiment. Another reason is that E.coli bacterial cells have an average bacterial size of 2um; this can be seen under a light microscope. Other bacteria however may be even smaller and may require a larger microscope for viewing or even an electron microscope. Also the incubation period for E.coli to multiply and grow rapidly isnt very long and temperatures arent too high or too low. E.coli can be incubated overnight at 37oC and then stored at 4oC until its requirement. The technique use to manipulate and isolate the E. coli bacteria is known as the streak plate procedure. The technique was developed to allow bacteria to multiply and produce many colonies, during the incubation period, depending on the amount of bacteria present. Each colony will contain millions of bacteria cells derived from a single parent cell. (Talk in more detail about this procedure). We will be using this technique to allow the E. coli to multiply and divide splitting itself into colonies. The viable cell count, also known as viability count, is a method used to determine the number of living cells within a suspension, in this case E. coli. To obtain an understanding of how much E. coli cells are present in a sample this method must be put into action. (Expand) The MacConkey agar is specifically designed to allow gram negative bacteria to grow; its a recipe of many substances such as bile salts, sodium chloride proteose and many more. One of the properties of the MacConkey agar is its selective isolation and identification of bacteria; it is a medium that allows us to distinguish gram-negative bacteria. E. coli is a rod shaped gram negative bacteria, so using the MacConkey agar plate to multiply it would be appropriate, the agar will also cause the E. coli to change colour from pink to red, and this is an indication of gram negative bacteria present. A Nutrient agar is a growth medium used for the cultivation of bacteria, this specific agar remains solid even at high temperatures. The gram-stain technique was developed for viewing cells clearly under a microscope and to enable us to establish their structures. It is a very simple procedure of just adding 4 different substances accordingly, however one of these substances is toxic to humans therefore the procedure must be carried out in a fume hood. The gram stain method was introduced by It is important for scientists and medics to know the structure and function and identity of bacteria and viruses, it is for reasons like this why such experiments are carried out. Without such procedures so many bacteria and viruses wouldnt be known and could spread and become out of control. Methods: Explain why each procedure was done highlight key points state any deviation from protocol document any errors or difficulties you had with the technique Discuss the importance of aseptic technique and what steps could be taken to prevent contamination during manipulation of bacteria All methods were doing under aseptic conditions; the reason for this is to prevent contamination of the bacteria during its manipulation. Many errors could arise if aseptic conditions arent used, eventually resulting is wrote results. Streaking bacteria on MacConkey agar method: Prior to the experiment, an E. coli sample was made and given to during the practical. Risk assessment: Materials used: 10ml liquid culture of E. coli the bacteria sample to be use in this practical Sterile plastic loops used for transferring E.coli bacteria from one place to another uncontaminated. MacConkey agar plate used to allow E.coli bacteria to grow as it provides energy recourses and support Sharps bin for loops etc. these are used to keep the laboratory area as uncontaminated as possible and to make sure bacteria doesnt spread Marker pens and labels to label the plate Step 1: using a sterile plastic loop I touched a given sample of E. coli and streaked an inoculum onto a MacConkey agar plate in a specific pattern (see..). This plastic loop is then disposed of into the sharps bin. Step 2: using another sterile plastic loop, I created a run of parallel lines from the edge of the initial streaks Step 3: step 2 was repeated 2 more times with a new sterile loop used. Step 4: a final streak was made, creating a simple streak from the previous streaks into the centre of the plate. The picture below illustrates this. The MacConkey plate was then given to the technicians to incubate. It was important to dispose- on the plastic looks by placing them into the sharps bin because they are contaminated and if they touch any other surface it can lead to the spread of bacteria resulting in major contamination. Throughout this procedure plastic gloves and a lab-coat were worn, also to prevent contamination. Viable cell counts: Risk assessment Materials used: P1000 and P100 pipettes and tips used to transfer certain amounts of PBS etc. Three Nutrient agar plates 10ml sterile PBS buffer, used to maintain the pH Sterile plastic spreaders to spread the E.coli on the Nutrient agar plates Eight sterile bijoux bottles for dilutions To start the dilution, using a pipette I transferred 900 ul of diluents (PBS) in eight different sterile bijoux bottles. The PBS (phosphate buffered solution) solution is a commonly used buffer to maintain a pH; it is used in this practical because of its ability to aid biological research. After the PBS was placed into the labelled bottles, using a new sterile tip for the pipette I transferred 0.1ml of E.coli liquid culture sample (neat) into the first bottle (10-1). For the dilution to continue a new pipette tip was placed and 0.1ml of the 10-1 diluted E.coli was transferred to the 10-2 bottle, this process continued up till bottle 10-8. By doing so the E.coli will become more and more dilute within the different solutions, because less E.coli is being added each time. 10-5, 10-6 and 10-7 samples were then spread onto three different Nutrient agar plates using different sterile plastic spreaders so contamination wouldnt occur. This was done by placing 0.1ml of each dilution onto th e centre of the agar plate and then spreading it over with a sterile spreader. The agar plates were labelled and given to the technician for incubation. Gram Stain of bacteria from an isolated colony Risk assessment In order to stain the bacteria I selected an appropriate colony to stain, the colony must appear to be uncontaminated and its appearance must obviously look grown.. After this procedure is complete, the bacterial cells will be visible under a microscope. Materials needed: Bunsen burner used to heat-fix bacteria onto microscope slide Saline (PBS) emulsifier Light microscope to view bacterial cells Lens tissue to clean the lens Immersion oil for light microscope lens to allow better view at 100x magnification Stains for Gram stain method Before the bacteria can be modified to be viewed under the microscope clearly, the microscope glass slide must be cleaned to prevent contamination. After doing so a drop of sterile saline was placed onto the centre of the slide, the saline drop was placed because it can emulsify any bacterial colony that will be placed on top. To move some of the bacteria off the agar plate onto the slide, a sterile loop was used I touched the bacterial colony on the agar plate with the top of the loop and then spread the bacteria into the saline drop making it thin. Due to the moisture of the liquid I let the slide dry then used a Bunsen-burner to heat-fix the bacteria onto the slide by passing it through a few times then allowing it to cool. Heat-fixing was done so that during the staining the bacteria or wouldnt move or fall off. Once that was complete the slide was moved to a laboratory fume hood where the staining can take place, the follow 4 stage method was used: at first the bacteria sample on the slide was soaked in crystal violet for 30 seconds, after so it was rinsed with distilled water and drained. The second part is to soak the bacteria with gram iodine (mordant) for another 30 seconds then rinse with distilled water and drain it. Gram iodine is a toxic substance; it is for this particular reason why this part of the practical was carried out in a laboratory fume hood. Acetone decolouriser was then added for 10 second and the bacteria was again rinsed with distilled water and drained. The final part is to add Safranin, a counter stain, to the bacteria. It was placed on the bacteria for 30seconds and then the bacteria was further rinsed with distilled water, drained, blotted and allowed to dry. Substance Duration Further action Crystal violet (primary stain) 30 seconds Rinse with water drain Gram Iodine (Mordant) 30 seconds Rinse with water drain Acetone/alcohol (Decolouriser) 5-10 seconds Rinse with water drain Safranin (Counter stain) 30 seconds Rinse with water, drain, blot dry Stain was carried out in a laboratory fume hood due to the toxic gram iodine substance used. The transparent plastic shield of the fume hood was lowered so that only my hands were inside dealing with the chemical and biological substances. Gloves were worn during this procedure so that no stain would come into contact with the skin. When the slide was rinsed with water, it was rinsed gently with distilled water so that the bacteria are not shifted. After the staining was completed the sample can now be viewed under a light microscope and compared to other bacterial samples. The slide is placed on the stage with a drop of oil for immersion, the microscope is focused on 100x and the bacteria is viewed. Results: Should describe your findings in : prose/text, diagrams, tables and graphs which includes a description of growth characteristics and how successful your aseptic technique was MacConkey agar plate results: During the experiment there were no results to be noted as it was too early for anything to occur. After the agar plate containing the E.coli was incubated at 37oC and then stored at 4oC, its appearance was as expected. Colonies were separated, and as the streaks moved on less E.coli was present. The colonies were well distinctive and were round in their shape. The sample initially given was simply liquid, the result showed significant growth of this E.coli liquid into 3D structures. This indicates the growth of the bacteria in a fine way; the 3D structures appeared in a yellowing solid colour. Because the practical was conducted in aseptic techniques no contamination occurred. Aseptic techniques were successful in allowing me to produce accurate results. Viable cell counts My results: The colonies that appeared on the nutrient plate had a badge colour; visually they all appeared relatively same sized and volume. 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 TMTC 46 1 For the 10-7 the calculation for the number of bacteria in 1ml of the original culture is: (1107/0.1) x (X/1) [cross multiply] 0.1X = 1 x(1107) [divide by 0.1] Therefore X = 1.0108 For the 10-6 the calculation for the number of bacteria in 1ml of the original culture is: (46106/0.1) x (X/1) [cross multiply] 0.1X = 1 x(46106) [divide by 0.1] Therefore X = 4.6108 The number of bacteria present in 1ml of the 10-5 culture cannot be calculated as there was no value noted (TMTC). X= number of bacteria. The number of bacteria present in 1ml of 10-6 dilution is 4.6108 and in the 10-7 dilution culture is 1.0108. Class results: Pair number 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 1 TMTC 46 1 2 95 9 0 3 TMTC 52 9 4 TMTC 23 1 5 34 2 6 84 11 4 7 TMTC 24 18 8 2 2 26 9 102 6 0 10 19 3 3 11 TMTC 140 15 12 TMTC 57 9 13 61 12 0 14 8 6 1 15 195 51 4 16 55 27 3 17 TMTC 94 11 18 TMTC TMTC TMTC 19 TMTC TMTC TMTC 20 TMTC 113 18 Total 266 985 177 28 Average 66.5 57.9 9.8 7 Should describe your findings in : prose/text, diagrams, tables and graphs which includes a description of growth characteristics and how successful your aseptic technique was To determine the amount of bacteria within a culture a simple calculation must be done using my personal results for this experiment. There was no value for the 10-5 so this cannot be done. The result for 10-6 was 46, 46 x 10 = 460ml. To estimate the amount of E.coli present this is further multiplied by 106, therefore 460 x 106 = For the 10-7 result Æ’Â   7 x 10 = 10 Æ’Â   10 x 107 = However, I have selected some reasonable results from the table to calculate an average. Gram-stain of bacteria from an isolated colony: (view method number 3) Gram stains help us distinguish between microbial organisms, for example gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria. This method was developed to know the identity of bacteria present. (See procedure for The Gram Stain in the methods section). During step 5 of the Gram Strain Method above the following results were made when applying the four different substances: Substance Colour after stain Crystal violet (primary stain) Purple Gram Iodine (Mordant) Purple Acetone/alcohol (Decolouriser) Transparent (dye was washed off) Safranin (Counter stain) Reddish-pink The appearance of the E.coli bacteria under a microscope with 100x magnification was quite clear; it had a rod-like structure with a reddish-pink colour. The rods were all more or less the same size, however some were packed together and others were on their own. Discussion: Were the results the expected? Did the methods adopted achieve their aim? How the experiments could be improved. Include background information, critical evaluation of results Throughout all the experiments and procedures a lab-coat and gloves were worn to avoid skin contact with bacteria and harmful substances. Overall the aims were accomplished and the results were as predicted. MacConkey agar The colonies were expected to be in such a form, indicating that it was E.coli present and that it has rapidly multiplied into individual colonies. This further suggests that when E.coli is present under conditions where it could multiply, it multiplies by forming a round colony and expanding from there. However, some of the colonies were stuck together making it difficult to count the number of them present. What this means is that the growth of the bacteria was a success and the method adopted was accurate. The reason why some colonies were packed together may be the result of pressing too hard on the agar while streaking, with more streaking practice more accurate results can be obtained with colonies being on their own. The methods adopted for this practical achieved what was aimed for. After the incubation of the MacConkey agar plate the plate was stored for a week at a temperature of 4oC, this may have changed the appearance in colour and in shape of the formed colonies. Contam ination of the agar plate may have even occurred. An improvement to the experiment is to note down results straight after incubation is finished. Gram Stain results After analysing the microscope slide which contains the Gram Stained E.coli under the microscope its features were obvious. There were many average sized rods with a reddish-pink colour, some of these rods were packed together whist others were separated. Comparing this with another prepared sample of B.subtilis, the B.subtilis was a purple colour and has a longer and curved shape, like fine threads. However some again were packed together and others separated. The purple colour of the B.subtilis indicates that it is gram positive, and the pink colour of E.coli indicates its gram negative. When the Gram Stain method was applied to the B.subtilis it obviously stayed purple though out, with E.coli it will decolourise once the decolouriser is added. The gram stain method is highly effective and efficient when dealing with different bacteria; it helps identify them to a great extent. B.subtilis remains purple throughout the Gram Stain procedure, this itself can be an indication that it is a Gram positive bacteria. Bacterial cells have different types of cell walls, the gram negative and gram positive terms describe the nature of their structural differences. One of the important differences is that Gram positive bacteria have no outer membrane whereas Gram negative bacteria do, the purpose of this outer layer is to cover the peptidoglycan layer. When staining occurs the outer membrane of a gram positive bacterial cell wall becomes permanently stained as the strain can easily penetrate the thick peptidoglycan layer, so that if a decolouriser or distilled water is added the colour will remain purple. In the case of the gram negative bacterial cell wall the stain gets attached to the far outer membrane layer (lipopolysaccharide and protein), this layer decreases the penetration depth of the strain on the peptidoglycan, so the stain can be decolourised or removed. The diagrams below illustrate this. Gram positive: Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Primary stain Mordant Decolourisation Counter-stain Note: colour remains the same throughout addition. Gram negative: Primary stain Mordant Decolourisation Counter-stain Note: colour changes Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   The aim of the Gram Stain method was confirm that the bacteria that was initially being dealt with was E.coli, after tests and results it confirmed that it was so the results were as expected and predicted. The methods used for this procedure were successful at achieving good results, however some can be altered. For example, the E.coli used for this experiment was used from experiment number one, not that that is a problem but when the E.coli was incubated over night and it had successfully multiplied it was stored at 4oC for quite a while (this experiment was carried out 1 week after the first one). This possible may have altered the activity of the E.coli and also its appearance. Many resources state that gram negative bacteria should have a pink colour after the counter-stain has been added and rinsed off. In this case the E.coli bacteria in this experiment had quite a dark pink colour which was really close to the colour red, this appearance of colour was visual both with the naked eye and under the microscope as individual bacterial cells. Viable cell counts As I predicted, the more dilute (10-8) solution will have less E.coli bacteria growing on its surface. As there were 20 different pairs doing the practical, and the dilutions were all done 20 times by different people, there is plenty room for error from contamination of inaccurate measurements. The 10-5 agar plates had many E.coli bacterial colonies growing on it, according to the results there was far too many bacteria that it was too many to count (TMTC). Gradually as the dilution increased the bacteria became less, 10-6 dilution had numbers ranging from 6-140. Obviously with such great difference within what is meant to be the same dilution there was some error/contamination present. The most obvious ones which had error are pair numbers 18 and 19 there was TMTC throughout (10-6, 10-7 and 10-8). What would be expected is that fewer bacteria should be present in the 10-8.

Mass Revolt Essay -- Literary Analysis, Ortega y Gassett

Europe led the world in almost every aspect of culture leading up to the second decade of the nineteenth century. At that time, it entered into a barbaric war that swept away the illusion of progress and optimism. The majority of citizens living in Europe after the First World War possessed a dismal outlook for the future. The war broke the illusion of prosperity and growth that Europe was under. In reality, growth had died with the modernization of culture as Ortega y Gassett proposes in his novel Revolt of the Masses. The lack of order in the modern and industrial society is cause for limitations people encounter. Ortega’s definition of a â€Å"mass man† is the root of chaos modern culture is in. With no restrictions on privilege, the mass man asserts himself in the front of culture where he has no direction or pursuit of a superior future. Ortega’s novel then represents the bleak response to European civilization where no new tradition is being strived for. In contrast, Virginia Woolf addressed a more positive position for a specific group of citizens. She was claiming that women writers, given fair opportunity, can produce a new tradition of literature in the future. Her vision corresponded with other optimists at the time including artists from the Bauhaus School in Germany. She believed growth had not died, instead, was traditionally limited. There was still hope for creativity and progress in the future, but only shared by a minority of citizens living in Europe after the war. These two very different responses to European civilization encompass on one hand the halt of cultural growth due to the rise of the modern mass man who is content with the status quo yet still surpassed the more qualified â€Å"super minority†; and on the othe... ...ake advantage of the opportunity filled civilization of the post war era. The new tradition that would build from generation to generation could not only influence other women but human culture as a whole. Each of these cultural responses to civilization in the post war era has truth seeded within. It is easy to see common ideals such as equal opportunity, along with the struggle to preserve and recognize the importance of intellectual freedom. Both authors contribute different views to create a better understanding of European civilization after the First World War. Even in the aftermath of a barbaric war, literature inspired citizens to rebuild and create an enhanced future for Europe with superior traditions. Together, they prove that the fate of Europe lies with people who will seize opportunity and work towards creating a beautiful and harmonious society.

1980 African American Education :: essays research papers

1980s African American Education Amount of Blacks in college 1980: Impressive 718,000 1987: Growing more slowly, 855,000 *1988: Sliding back down to 785,000 *In 1988, the enrollment of black men declined, while it increased for women. There were 179,000 black women in college, then black men. Percentage of highs school graduates going to college 1960-1970: Males exceeded women 1980’s: women overtake men and never lost the lead Popular concentration in education in the 1980’s 1981: business and management were the most popular of all black bachelor’s degree recipients. 13,325 blacks earned a bachelor’s degree in business and management (40% earned in historically black colleges). The Black and White Gap "The average scores of black students have remained well below those of whites, and at age 17, the reading achievement of black students was lower last year than it was in 1988—a depressing reversal of the gains made over the previous two decades," Michael T. Nettles, the vice chairman of the National Assessment Governing Board, said at a press conference held here late last month to release the results. The independent panel oversees National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) In just about every age group and in every subject, the test-score gap between white and African-American students has grown since 1986, reversing a trend in which the discrepancies decreased from the time the exams were first given in 1969, 1971, and 1973. Since the mid-1980s, gaps in several subjects and age groups have grown by statistically significant amounts. Resegregation occurring again â€Å"Studies finds the causes for resegregation stemming from a number of social and political factors: a series of court rulings beginning in the late 1980s that reversed many of the desegregation orders, the growing isolation of whites in suburban schools, and the increasing segregation of blacks and Hispanics in suburban schools.

Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory Essay

Erick Erickson is a well known theorist. He was a student of Freud and was greatly influenced by his work. Erikson’s theory is known as one of the best theories of personality in psychology. While he accepted Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, he felt that it was incomplete. It did not recognize social and cultural influences It did not recognize development changes beyond adolescence It did not put enough emphasis on ego development This theory focused primarily on development of neurotic and maladaptive behavior and did not give enough consideration to healthy development. Erikson believed that personality developed in a series of eight stages. He argues that development occurs across a whole lifespan. He developed his theory based on the basis that cognitive and social development occurs at the same time. Erickson believed that during development people go through a series of psychosocial crises. These crises identify a conflict between two personality conflicts. Erickson developed detailed definitions of these psychosocial stages and the crises associated with each one. Each stage builds on the preceding one and prepares the individual for the next (Martin & Fabes 2009). The 1st stage is trust versus mistrust (Main Question: â€Å"Is the world a trustworthy place?). This stage focuses on infants needs being met by parents. Infants depend on their guardians for food and comfort. Their understanding of society comes from their interactions with their guardian. If a child is exposed to consistent positive interactions, and dependable care, the infant will build trust. If the parents fail to provide and meet the basic needs the child will feel a sense of mistrust. Stage 2 is Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Toddlers 2 to 3 years). Main Question: â€Å"Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?† As children gain control over their body and motor skills they begin to claim possessions and develop a sense of independency. However, parents still provide a key role of  security from which the child can venture out to assert their will. When parents’ are patient and encouraging it helps promote autonomy. Otherwise, they are likely to impose the child with a sense of doubt which decreases their willingness to try new tasks. Stage 3 is Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool, 3 to 6 years).Main Question: â€Å"Am I good or am I bad?† At this stag e, children want to begin and complete their own actions for a purpose. They are learning how well they can do things. They are also learning that, just because they are able to do things, does not mean it is a good idea to do it. Guilt is a new emotion at this time. Children are beginning to learn that some behaviors may make them feel unhappy about themselves. They are beginning to develop sense of right and wrong. Stage 4 is Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12). Main Question: Can I make it in this world? At this stage children begin to develop a sense of pride in their achievements. This is a crucial time for teachers because they play an increased role in the child’s development. When children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and their confidence is increased. If this initiative is not encouraged or controlled by parents or teacher, then the child will feel inferior and doubt their abilities. Stage 5 is Identity vs. Confusion (early teen). Main Question: Who am I? What can I? During this stage there is a transition from childhood to adulthood, which is very important. This is when the child becomes more independent, and begins to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. They explore and begin to form their own identity based on the outcome of their experiences. The sense of who they are can be hindered, which causes confusion about themselves and their place in the world. Stage 6 is Intimacy vs. Isolation. Main Question: Can I love? During this stage it is the period of early adulthood when people are exploring their personal relationships. Erikson believed it was important for people to develop close and committed relationships with others. Those who are successful at this stage will develop secure relationships. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important to developing intimate relationships. Stage 7 is Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood). Main question: Can I make my life count? During establish this stage is when adults careers. They settle down within a relationship and begin to develop a family of their own. There is a sense of giving back to  society through raising children, working, and being involved in community activities and organizations. When adults fail to achieve these objectives, they lack self worth and feel unproductive. Stage 8 is Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Main question: Am I happy with the way that I have lived my life? This is the final stage of development in which adults grow older and become seniors. They tend to slow down in general. During this time they think about their accomplishments and are able to develop honesty about our achievements. This is when it is decided how productive one has been and if life goals have been accomplished (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development). Critique: Erickson was one of the first psychologists to become aware of the influence of culture on behavior. His theory focused on three key points: Body Mind Culture Erickson acknowledged cultural differences and contributed significantly to the study of adolescence and how they formed their identities. He felt that we should look at life in its entirety. He believed that development expanded through adulthood and that there were crises that adults encountered. His theory conflicts Freud’s in the fact that his emphasis was on the role of the ego rather than the id. This makes Erickson’s theory more positively oriented than Freud. Erickson’s theory is geared toward a positive outcome. However, many theorists doubted Erickson’s academic integrity. There is also very little research that has been conducted on childhood and adult psychosocial crises. It has been noted that many of Erickson’s theoretical propositions are difficult to test. Some were even impossible (Martin & Fabes, 2009). It has also been argued that Erickson’s theory is more applicable to boys rather than girls. â€Å"There is debate as to whether people only search for identity during the adolescent years or if one stage needs to happen before other stages can be completed† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development). Reflection: Out of all theorists that I have studied, Erickson is by far my favorite. After exploring Erickson’s stages of development, I agree that his theory does describe the changes in one’s life. I do feel that we face a  crises/conflict in each stage. Although I cannot remember my early stages of development, I have experienced them with my children and as a teacher I have witnessed these crises. At this time I have a child in each stage of development. I know my infant depends on me and I feel that if I do not meet his needs he will develop a sense of mistrust. I also have a child that worries about fitting in and constantly worries about relationships with friends. I feel that I am currently in the middle adulthood stage. I have settled down. I have a family, and I have started a career. Erickson stages of development are especially useful for teachers. Teachers as do parents, play a key role in helping or hindering children in their personality development. Erickson viewed development as a reflection of relationships with parents and family within the broader context of society (Brewer, 2006 p.21). Teachers that follow Erickson’s belief will develop programs that allow children the opportunity to build trust and bonds. School age children are dealing with the demands of learning new skills, fitting in with their classmates and accomplishing goals (Morrison, 2007p. 125). I believe that Erickson’s stages of development will be beneficial in assisting teachers with observing and responding to their students needs. Resources: Morrison, G. (2007). Early childhood education today (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Merrill/Prentice Hall. Brewer, J. (2006). Introduction to Early Childhood Education: Preschool Through Primary Grades (6th ed.). Boston, New York: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon, Martin, C., & Fabes, R. (2009). Discovering child development (2nd ed.). Boston, NewYork: Houghton Mifflin Company. http://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/maths/Erikson%27s%20Theory%20of%20Psychosocial%20Development%20%282%29.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development

Insight: the Death of Ivan Ilych Essay

I’m young and filled with dreams. Dreams that sometimes obscure the truths I have to face. Dreams that are like morphine that departs us from reality. But what’s really ironic with most of our dreams is that it’s not from us but from the society, the society dictates our dreams, what the society thinks is best for us is the thing we dream to be even if sometimes it does not correspond our beliefs and values, at least, for me. I am a victim of this notorious dictator worse than any dictator who have altered the course of the world. I realized that most of my dreams are not my dreams but the society’s. I see myself in the character of the young Ivan Ilych who is filled with dreams, complacent, and seems to be sure of the future. Together with my dreams is a deep and blind veneration to people who have made great achievements in the field I’m trying to pursue. Society, dreams, and influential people, these are things that sometimes keep us from realizi ng and seeing the truths in life or maybe we know them, but just deny them to tolerate our blind dreaming and living. Dreaming is part of living but living shouldn’t be boxed by this dreaming. When was the last time we or I paused to think, introspect, and contemplate about the things happening in our life, about the paths we are taking, and the decisions we are making. I like how Socrates puts it â€Å"An unexamined life is life not worth living†, truth is we know where to go and we know what we do but more often than not we don’t know why, especially to us, the youth. Most of us live according to what the society or the public tells us even if it’s not what we know we ought to do, I like how an anonymous guy puts it â€Å"We never grow up, we just learn how to act in public†, I believe it is because most of us lacks purpose in life or maybe we have but it is a very mundane one. Indeed, most of us are entangled with the vines of society with venoms that turns us to heartless machines and eventually kills us leaving us with regrets and extreme unhappiness, this is very evident in the life of Ivan Ilych who lived a life with almost nothing but hypocrisy trying to build a strong position in the society through accumulating more wealth, blindly enjoying his luxuries in life and yet he never experienced true love and happiness. I have heard the saying â€Å"life is short† countless of times but until now I still fail to imbibe this gospel truth. Death is an inevitable thing here on earth, all good things even the bad must come to an end but we fail to realize this because of all the worldly things that keeps us busy and departed from what is real, true, and important. Dreams are good but a dream in consonance with reality, with your belief and values, with what our conscience dictates to be good, and what love tells us to pursue is the best dream that would lead us to a life beyond what we have dreamed of. One truth is that we just don’t have enough time to actualize all of our dreams but I believe it is still important that we dream for it is the thing that keeps us moving and when the time comes where the truth of death is almost sinking in in our consciousness, when we see that soon this life is about to end, we of course do not want to end up like Ivan Ilych who just realized how wasted his life has been, we do not want to see people around us being indifferent about our imminent death especially our family, and we do not want of course that at the time where we’re already withering due to our illness or due to aging and we now don’t have even an iota of energy to say â€Å"sorry† or â€Å"I love you†. Will we wait till we’re lying at our death beds and we can’t do anything now to make this life a little better before we decide to pause and introspect and contemplate how we are living? Let us ask ourselves, if I die now, are the things happening are really the things that would leave me content and happy? Now, if not let’s have the courage to pay off all the sacrifices and the hard work in order to rearrange and make this life we are living better. Let’s be in-charge of our lives and keep the dictations of the society out of our minds. Life is short, let us love and live OUR dream.