To What Extent Was Nationalism the Main Cause of British Decolonisation

To what extent was nationalism the main cause of British decolonisation Decolonisation is the process by which empires disintegrated and colonies achieved in dependence. Britain decolonised between the years 1947 and 1964, nationalist movements was considered the main reason for decolonisation of the British Empire, but where other factors just as significant? Britain had flourished during the war with a victory however; this left them with severe financial and economical set-backs.The Second World War weakened the British economy this in turn reduced their imperial power to maintain control of their colonies, Britain often used emergencies; which allowed them to buy time from nationalists which would weaken their interest. They needed to ‘cling’ to their empire, as it was the only source of support for their economy, they were able to sell cheap goods for more and paying their workers a low wage added to their economy. Although some would argue that due to the low wage paid to the workers this caused them to not be able to buy thing as they were too expensive.Britain was shadowed by the United States and the Soviet Union, Britain’s status was way down the hierarchy, these two superpowers created an international climate which the reservation of the empire was rapidly difficult. However, the empire provided resistance from the US and USSR. Britain was also increasing the spending on nuclear weapons, rather than on weapons and soldiers in the cold war therefore, Britain couldn’t police the war. They needed army defence clearly nuclear dependence wasn’t needed.During the war time Japanese, Burma etc were revealing the weakness of the British imperial power, this gave hope to other territories starting with India. The nationalist’s movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian nationalist’s congress to free India, India eventually through a lot of hardship gained independence this surely accounted as significant, it shows Britain’s weakness. This inspired other colonies to be freed and use Gandhi’s non-violent tactics, also made Britain powerless, no longer influential and loses their main sour of resources for trade etc.Due to the increased contact with African soldiers’ during the war, the Indians spread the word and soon African colonies wanted freedom, a self government and independence. Increasing colonial development which created an African middle class this helped with the nationalising of African colonies, as they had more knowledge, educated and now understand that they deserve freedom. By 1945 there was an increase in nationalist groups within Africa.Britain had loss India therefore they needed a much more productive Africa, Britain modernised them, they spent up to 120 million pounds, the money was mainly spent on a groundnuts investment in Tanzania the investment which failed caused a huge turnover in debt for Britain. Also creating the sterling area coloni es had to use pounds an attempt to make Britain much more economically productive, to improve their way of living this however, back-fired instead it encouraged nationalism activists to start really fighting for what they wanted as they thought if we have been educated we might as well use this to run our county on our own.Some people would argue that the Asian and African nationalist movements were chances for Britain to show that they really are powerful and can control these movements, also it made Britain more determined to keep their empire intact even if this meant violence. For example in India there were peaceful movement used although turned into violence as Britain wasn’t planning to lose, the famous day of the Amritsar Massacre, when people were protesting and were brutally shot down etc. Eventually Britain lost India and they gained their independence. On the other hand, Britain also failed to keep control in Palestine.Palestine gained independence in 1948 and bec ame known as Israel. However, it doesn’t end there, the Arabs and Jews conflict was increasing rapidly; the UK couldn’t keep control mainly because they didn’t have enough financial support needed to police the country, so they decided to leave and the conflict increased. Some people would argue this made Britain seem like cowards as they couldn’t finish what they’ve started. There were clear consequences outstanding to this slip-up, it made Britain appear weak and this inspired other colonies to protest.In 1956 the Suez crisis was a strong turning point for the world as it revealed Britain’s limitation from the beginning showing they couldn’t go any further both military and financially wise. This was obviously very humiliating for Britain, and Eden the prime minister at the time who decided this unintelligent action resigned soon after: under embarrassment, illegal invasion, rejection from the USA, the Frances trust in Britain vanis hed. The USA and USSR became the most dominant powers and left Britain behind.Britain lost whatever influence it had left on the Middle East, and some of Europe. Britain’s relationship with the USA was seriously damaged this caused a run on the pound the value of the dollar increased, also Britain lost its sovereignty as it was under the control of the Usa in terms of nuclear power as they had dual key which Britain needs the USA to do anything with it. Egypt was the first non- white country to challenge Britain and defeat them this, this dilemma caused far worst issues. Britain lost it influence nearly worldwide, as the world lost trust in them.That setback caused them to lose colonies because of nationalist movements such as the Gold coast in 1957, Nigeria in1961, Malaysia in 1962 etc. Britain needed to have European power but France no longer trusted in Britain. Britain’s problems at home weren’t any better; Eden just resigned after embarrassing the country. The public’s attitude at the time was that they were apathetic, they wanted and needed their own welfare: post-war recovery. Due to the increase in immigration the racism from the British increased too, for example a well known race riot in Notting hill.However Mc Milan becomes prime minister, he accepts the need of decolonisation and believes ‘the day of the empire is gone, modern days are arising’, the fact that most empires were decolonising such as France, Belgium, Portugal took the longest but eventually let go, this shows that there was no real benefit in keeping a colony. Mc Milan changes the foreign policy and restores the relationship with the USA as they agree with being anti-colonial anyway. He decides to focus on Europe were their chances of success was much greater.However, British conservative white settlers were reluctant to let go and believed that independence given to colonies were rushed without preparation. Mc Milan government concluded that t hey would leave as soon as possible. In conclusion, although nationalism appears to be the main cause of decolonisation, other factors were just as significant and more such as, post war financial issues, the Suez crisis Eden’s failure, etc. It looks to me that success usually comes through money and if the UK had financial support then they would still have their empire or have a huge status in the world.

Marketing Plan of TATA SKY Essay

Price: Tata Sky has offered competitive pricing but has been on the higher end and its due to promotional campaigns it has added in incentives leading to increase in customer base. In search of newer audiences in smaller towns, DTH operator Tata Sky is introducing a new Rs 99 package — Super Hit Pack 2. Customer Services: Tata sky offers an excellent website and dedicated customer line. They have the concept of registered mobile number providing easy communication. But their Customer service lines are always busy and the waiting period is usually very long. This may be an irritant for existing customers. 6 3. Reception: The reception is usually excellent in comparison to existing cable TV. But during monsoons and Cloudy days they are affected. The rate of signal distortion is more for Community dishes in comparison to Individual dishes. This technical problem should be sorted. 4. Program Choices: After litigations, Tata sky is able to offer huge bouquet of channels but it is still less compared to the Cable TV. They should ensure extensive program choices to induce switching from Cable to DTH 5. New Technology: Tata sky Plus is an initiative in this direction. Various services under Active are part of this Technology game. Being a interactive and dynamic offering would increase its appeal. 6. Technical Support: Technical support system of Tata sky is well establishes. If a 24 hrs limit can be provided for all complaints and work on ‘holidays’ when people are generally home could be sold as a USP. Tata Sky as a product has evolved from the time to inception. Further to enhance the product, new services and technologies can be imbibed like: 1. Common Dish per house for Multiple Television sets 2. Combined Product with Television – Rural Areas , especially and Niche Segment Targeting if Combined with LCDs 3. Connectivity with other digital Monitors like Laptops for Commercial Usage 4. Guide can be displayed in Multiple Regional Languages 5. Voice over in Multiple Languages (Currently limited availability in for some programs) 6. Interactive Video Games (with consol) 7. Inclusion of Radio Reception. Development of Visual Radio service. 8. Variety in Movie Listing with Bollywood, Hollywood and Regional Channels 9. Special channels for Songs Request like Jukebox could be launched 10. Stock Market related interactive service on Active 7 Price Competition has increased may fold with completion providing freebies and slashing prices. The following price related strategies could be adopted, which may lead to a short term loss but a medium term break even and profit: 1. Free Set Top: Following the line of Dish TV, Set top Boxes can be given free while ensuring lock in by providing base pack free for limited time duration, thus inducing update to next level. 2. Lock in of 1 year: Ensure long term lock ins by providing incentives for pre payment of long term charges. Continue with current strategy of providing 2 months free on payment of 10 months services. 3. Multiple Connections: Provide discounts for consumers buying second Tata Sky Connection (up to 50% off) 4. Encourage References: Provide discounts on Monthly charges if reference from existing consumer becomes a new customer. 5. Regional Disparity: Provide free regional packs in local areas to ensure switch from Cable TV to DTH service, i. e. provide free south Jumbo pack for customers in all Southern States. 6. Community Dish: Provide Incentives in the form of Free Months charges for first 3-6 months and reduce the Installation charges per flat.

Answers to questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers to questions - Essay Example The Sixth Circuit reversed, finding that the impairments substantially limited respondent in the major life activity of performing manual tasks. In order to demonstrate that she was so limited, said the court, Williams had to show that her manual disability involved a "class" of manual activities affecting the ability to perform tasks at work. She satisfied this test, according to the court, because her ailments prevented her from doing the tasks associated with certain types of manual jobs that require repetitive work with hands and arms extended at or above shoulder levels for extended periods of time. In reaching this conclusion, the court found that evidence that she could tend to her personal hygiene and carry out personal or household chores did not affect a determination that her impairments substantially limited her ability to perform the range of manual tasks associated with an assembly line job. The court granted her partial summary judgment on the issue of whether she was disabled under the ADA. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.] The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is grounded in the will to provide equal opportunity in employment, transportation, public accommodations, public services, and telecommunications for individual with disabilities.

The Bhagavad Gita Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Bhagavad Gita - Term Paper Example Although if it were easy, then every man would know and practice justice, which is not the case; The possibility of attaining spiritual enlightenment by following the holy text of the Gita is rampant in an individual's sub conscious and needs to be tapped in order for him to feel it, by reading the verses and making personal revelations. Lord Krishna answers questions regarding the moral dilemmas that Arjuna has been facing regarding battling his own cousins who imposed tyrannical rule over the empire, by turning despotic. Krishna takes it upon himself to advocate the duties that a warrior and a prince should have, elaborating the same to Arjuna, through the ideas of ‘karma’, ‘moksha’, ‘Samkhya’ and the various ‘yogas’. The Gita is also called the ‘Song of the Divine One’ and is an attempt to explain the purpose of life to Arjuna via the attainment of enlightenment by understanding the dedication one should have towards the worship of God. The discourse takes place as Krishna urges Arjuna to fight the battle despite his friends and relatives being on the other side and thus explains to him the necessity for the war in order to establish a just society. He does the same by trying to explain to Arjuna how one must fight without any sort of guilt on a battlefield because the soul of a person always remains eternal and thus cannot be destroyed or made to lose its lustre. In the context of the soul, Krishna says, â€Å"It is not killed when the body is killed†¦ the embodied self discards its worn-out bodies to take on other new ones.† The body is like a material part of the ephemeral world that man lives within and merely is a house for the soul for a temporary period of time before the body decays and the soul moves into another body for shelter. This very soul is made of God’s energy according to the Gita, and thus, has a permanent form and is infinite in nature. â€Å"Learned men do not grieve for the dead or the living.  Never have I not existed†¦ never in the future shall we cease to exist.† Krishna’s words are an attempt to explain to Arjuna how he should not have second thoughts about fighting because this is the only opportunity that he has in order to bring about peace in the land by winning the battle. Everyone is aware of the fact that the battle cannot be won without Arjuna’s skills and thus he is made to understand that even if he dies during the fight, his soul will attain peace and enlightenment in the form of another body. However, pertaining to the thesis, spiritual attainment should come to every man in order to make him understand that the war should not be fought in the first place because even though it promises to bring about balance, it also is a cause for a vast amount of bloodshed and spread of hatred among the people, something that God should initially condemn, looking at the philosophy that He teaches. Thu s, this brings about a debate on whether or not spiritual attainment is possible at all and how it may help people to restore unity and humanity. The main purpose of the speech that Krishna gives, that makes up the Bhagavad Gita, is to restore balance and order among Earth which can only be done if the war at Kurukshetra is won by Arjuna. Thus, the Gita aims to enlighten Arjuna of the sacred duty that he has to fight and Krishna describes the same as, â€Å"

Information Assurance and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information Assurance and Governance - Essay Example IT governance system established in many organisations is incongruent as it has been designed in several different patches of problem solving mechanisms. The designing activity of the governance system reduces the synergy level and limits the opportunities for strategic impact from IT. In order to deal with the issue it is important for the management of the organisation to design the IT governance procedure according to the goals and objectives of the organisation. The notion requires the management of the organisation to actively play part in the procedure. Without the proper support of the management the successful designing and implementation process of IT governance cannot be undertaken. Although it is not possible to actively redesign the overall governance mechanism but it is important to undertake mechanism reviews on regular basis. The Burton report recommends undertaking assessment of IT governance system on regular basis in order to implement security improvement processes at MOD. The report is full of recommendations for the change in the governance structure at MOD regarding the security of the IT infrastructure. It is also important to undertake change in the behaviour of the employees at the organisation according to the change in governance. The redesign in the governance system will although take some time but its effective implementation will lead to the final objective of making the security of data foul proof. The report has recommended a change in the organisation perspective according to the direction in which the IT governance system is redesigned. Failure to do so will stultify the whole change process. The Burton report also suggests training and education all across the organisation. Burton suggested reviewing all the current training on Data Protection and Information Management, and identifying the uptake by the relevant post-holders, in order to determine future training needs. The involvement of the senior management of the

Apology letter for an assault happened two years ago Essay

Apology letter for an assault happened two years ago - Essay Example I have been nurturing these feelings of grief, guilt and repentance ever since I threw coffee on you and hurt you badly. Please, believe me that I am not a habitual binge drinker. I drink occasionally but that night at the club, my friends indulged me in heavy drinking which made me lose my nerves in the morning. I could vividly see a group of girls videotaping me, and that infuriated me. Please, trust me that basically I am a very good natured and calm person. I don’t know why I became so angry that day that I lost my temper and threw a hot mug of coffee on you. I wish I was in my senses. But time has passed, leaving only the repentance and remorse in my heart for my whole life. I cannot undo what I have done. I cannot bring back those moments. I wish I could undo the harm that I have done to you. I know that the physical injury will soon vanish, but the emotional and mental pain that I have caused you will hardly ever go away. All of that is just because of my stupidity and carelessness, of which I am really apologetic. Oh! How I wish I could rewind the time and undo the harm that I have done to you. I am so regretful. I also know that I do not deserve you excusing me, nor do I deserve a mini-second of your time. But please, consider my feelings. I have tried my best to remove from my nature what caused me to bring pain to a human being. I have attended almost over twenty therapy sessions with a psychologist. I have also attended a positive change inner mindset class with a social worker to remove all negativity from my behavior. I have completed almost 500 hours of community service at Salvation Army, breakfast club- a place where poor and homeless people are fed. I have done all this to bring empathy and kindness into my nature. I have also contacted a psychologist for counseling regarding quitting drinking. I really want to change myself. I want to become a person that is compassionate toward others. My assault toward you

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Cybersecurity - Coursework Example g to the increasing significance of technology in the daily lives of mankind, many people share their personal information on the internet which can at times prove dangerous due to web hackers who can misuse the data due to immoral practices. Anonymity helps to maintain the secrecy of individual’s identity. This also helps to protect specific actions performed by the individuals. For instance, anonymity helps protecting funds and monetary transfers made by individual over internet. It has often been observed that people feel uncomfortable to share banking or personal information on the internet as it might hamper their personal interests. Anonymity is often regarded as the option which can be useful in such situations as it creates a sense of security and helps to protect privacy by a large extent. There are many negative effects of anonymity on individuals as well. To be illustrated anonymity also helps people who have malicious intentions to hamper the interests of other users and escape without being identified. It also creates misrepresentation about the user’s profile on internet. In the recent phenomenon, the most apparent negative effect of anonymity can be identified as cyber crime. Hence, as it can be observed from the above discussion, to a certain extent, the negative impacts of anonymity tend to be stronger and more effectual than its benefits, which in turn outweigh its advantages. Question: 2 Are non-literate internet users at a higher risk for experiencing identity theft? Explain specifically how end-user tracking and recording technologies may either increase or reduce cyber security risks for non-literate users when using the internet, or when shopping at a brick and mortar establishment The non-literate internet users have a high risk because of the increasing cyber crime, as they tend to share personal information without having proper knowledge of the website. At times, the information of those non-literate users is hacked by the cyber

The Ford 2000 Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Ford 2000 Plan - Essay Example For the IT department, it meant sweeping changes. Standardizing software throughout the global business would most certainly improve communication abilities. Everyone would be using the same tools and thus, speaking the same language, at least in computer terms. I could see that updating and maintenance of such a system from a centralized IT command would surely cut costs in the long run. Emphasis would be shifted from developing specialized software to using software largely developed by other companies that were actually in the software business. Ford would concentrate on developing vehicles, not software. I thought it was a smart plan. Yet, from news reports, now 6 years later, I knew The Plan had failed. Ford continued to lose money. Massive layoffs and plant closings were in store (Durbin 1). I did not know what went wrong. Then I located 2002 interview with James Buczkowski, Director of IT for Manufacturing and Supply Chain at Ford (Ricciuti). Buczkowski makes it clear, as any department head would, that he would like more money directed toward his operations. That being said, he accepts the fact that he is being asked to "do more with less" and operate with a "back to basics" mentality (Ricciuti Para. 1). That means cutting back on things like web site design and emphasizing modalities that help design and build better vehicles in a more cost-efficient manner. He plans to invest in more CAD and CAM. He is to concentrate on projects that will directly increase the company's bottom line, either through more efficient manufacturing or through decreased design/build costs. The director points out another area of concern: lack of IT skills within the company. With the advent of The Ford 2000 Plan, many IT functions were outsourced. This caused a decline in the IT skill-levels available from employees. "We're trying to rebuild some of those skills where we were maybe a little too leveraged on outside (sources). We need much more skill and competency internally" (Quest. 6). As any politically correct corporate officer would, Buczkowski chooses to focus on the future, rather than publicly analyze shortcomings of the past. It is clear, however, that money was spent on technologies that did not add to the profitability of the company, like web site design, and that by outsourcing software design, in-house capabilities were lost. He sees integration of various software applications to be a continuing challenge. "As more applications integrate, you have an environment that is more challenging to manage" (Quest. 16). Buczkowski wants to see a modular approach so that applications may be plugged into the system and later unplugged, replaced as needed with newer, better application modules. In summary, I think The Ford 2000 Plan went wrong in the following ways. First, standardization and integration of "off-the-shelf" software was a bust. It did not provide the flexibility needed to design unique, quality products. It was an over-simplification of a complex need. Second, in its attempt to simplify, it lost the skills needed to change course when the simplification did not work. As this article relates to Systems Thinking and the examination of complexity, I see IT as a provider of tools. The best tools in the world are not good enough if they are so complex that no one knows how to use them or communicate the fruits of their labor to the rest of the company. If the

Sex Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Sex Education - Essay Example Sometimes, when children ask where babies come from, parents would respond that babies come from storks and would stop at that explanation. Seeing that there is not enough information about sex and sexuality from the family, a teen would turn to other sources of information such as the television, movies, music, magazines, the internet, friends and even boyfriends and girlfriend. The television, movies, and music most of the times treat sex and sexuality as something that can be done anywhere, with anyone, and can be done without any responsibilities. Most of these media sources also show sex and sexuality as a way to be cool, is equal to showing affection to someone, and can be done without worry-free and without risks. Some even exaggerate about sex and sexuality and as a result they send off the wrong information. Some examples of these false information are having more than one sexual partner is alright, protection against sexually transmitted diseases is not necessary, you look cool and you become a hunk when you have had sex with lots of girls, having sex with someone you had just met is cool and acceptable, and o ther false beliefs about sex and sexuality. Magazines and the internet are also the same with television, movies and music. However, magazines and the internet are more popularly known to have been used for improper information about sex and sexuality that at times these materials are classified as illegal. In magazines and the internet, sex and sexuality is simply naked bodies of men and women and no scientific or academic explanation can be obtained from these sources. Though some magazines and some sites from the internet are educational and can be sources of proper explanation for sex and sexuality, those providing incorrect information are more common than those that give the right information. Some false information we get from magazines and the internet

Enterprise Technologies and the Value Chain Research Paper

Enterprise Technologies and the Value Chain - Research Paper Example Opportunities to identify these benefits can be realized via examining the organization’s value chain. Enterprise Technology Mobile business refers to electronic business transactions enabled, in part, by mobile technology targeting both consumers and businesses (Hill & Jones, 2011). The mobile business includes mobile commerce activities that represent mobile technology-enabled transactions. Mobile technologies that support mobile businesses are grouped as networks and devices. Mobile devices can range from GPS and RFID chips to tablets and barcode scanners. Mobile networks include RFID, Bluetooth, GPS and mobile telecommunication networks. These are utilized, by organizations, to offer customization and flexibility. Unlike e-commerce, M-business offers value via enabling users to be reachable anytime and be mobile. Therefore, value creation can occur via support to mobile users (employees) or mobile activities such as tracking supplies and raw materials. An industry trend th at is growing is Fixed Mobile Convergence where centralized infrastructure and management support a mobile workforce that provides access to business applications from all locations and network connections (Hill & Jones, 2011). ... The employees may want to interact with fellow employees and may be on the receiving end of interactions with both external and internal information systems. An example of a business application useful here is the wireless notification system using SMS for critical updates. The wireless interactions possible are employee-to-employee, employee to the system, and employee to consumer (Meier & Stormer, 2011). The systems are run by organizations as either a front-end or back-end systems. An example of this is an employee using wireless business’ ERP system, with the potential mobile interactions being a system-to-system, system to the employee, and system to consumer. The final component supported is the consumer, who may interact wirelessly with the organization. The potential interactions include consumer-to-consumer, consumer to the employee and consumer to system. The unique attributes of mobile technology offer support to the organization’s value chain by providing localization, personalization, and connectivity (Meier & Stormer, 2011). A mobile infrastructure enables employees to have full time connectivity anywhere and at any time, coupled with information and communication exchange. A mobile device is assigned to one user, who can then personalize application and interface settings to increase device satisfaction and also effectiveness and efficiency of the system. Finally, mobile devices support localization, which is especially important as it allows reachability from the ability of the internet to reach an IP address to reaching the user or an item.  Ã‚  

Learning - teacher Essay Example for Free

Learning teacher Essay Good afternoon everyone, today I am going to talk about education. Education has many affects but how does education affects our lives. Education affects people by opening them up to new ideas, thus broadening their thinking. As for example, A degree can also broaden opportunities in the job market. Sometimes education can change what you believe, if you find new truth and need to fit it into your worldview. As long as a person is careful to actually examine the information that is presented, and not just blindly accept anything from any source, education usually improves lives and minds and offers us more opportunities and possibilities. The education for society can be different, due to the fact that various types of education and learning methods and assumptions affect me and others in many different ways. An important key role in our life by far is education, because so far it has given me a different perspective of life. A well-known Greek Philosopher named Plato once said that the direction in which education starts a man will determine his future in life. He literally means the type of education we chose to follow or have leads to us becoming that. So far in my journey of life it has opened and shown my eyes to a lot to see in this world. Education has given me the chance to learn and discover new things around me; in addition it has taught me to believe about life. Education has made me who I am today, and will have a huge impact in my future to come, because it will determine how I will live. It has given me a picture and sense on what I can achieve and do in life. My education started at a very young age, just like most people start theirs. My first mentors and teachers were not from elementary school, but they were my own people that raised me from home. The education I received to this day has made me a better decision maker about life’s big questions. Nelson Mandela best said that education is the most powerful weapon which can be used to change the world. What Nelson Mandela is trying to mean is that education is the answer to move forward in life. I totally agree with Mandela on that.

Waste To Wealth Program Environmental Sciences Essay

Waste To Wealth Program Environmental Sciences Essay Urban and rural areas of India produce so much garbage daily and suffering by many types of pollutions which are increasing very fast in terms of area and environment. Most of households of urban area are not using dustbin or not getting facilities to put their domestic garbage and they through on the road and way. This activity is change into bad habit because of lack of facilities and knowledge. People are suffering from air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution even they involve to through the garbage anywhere. People want their neat and clean environment even they dont know how to get it. In these days people are using plastics and it is become a part of a life, which produce the chemical poisons. Many hazardous waste in urban comes from industries and factories also which are the release so many harmful chemical but another side we have recycle units are converting in the useful elements. In the rural area farmers are also involve to use the chemical fertilizers so land is becoming unproductive land. Another thing plastic products are also dominating in the rural area and cause of degrading land and rural cattle also are eating this thats why cattles death happening in the rural area. Because of environment affect it is necessary to protect and change the behavior of people. We need to change our habits and protect our health, well-being by providing reasonable measures and information for re-use and reducing the consumption of plastics and throwing the garbage outsides. In the cities households are wasting food and plastics and throw on the road and some places and in the colonies and real-states colonies households dont have option to separate their domestic garbage so they use to put in one plastic bag and put on municipal-party garbage-bin. Reducing, reusing, recycling and recovering of waste behavior can make changes our environment. Through this concept it may treating and safely disposing of waste and it is possible to prevent the pollution and ecological degradation. Through the waste our youth can get employment and can promote the economic and social development. In this activity so many people are under the target and focus group, which may become beneficiary and part of this program. In many states have rag-pickers in various places that are involving to collect the garbage and part of our social and economic situation. They are not aware about their health because of financial problem and education. Involve the rag-pickers and unemployed youth, it is possible to promote and ensuring the effective delivery of waste from household and they will pay some amount of services in weekly or monthly. In this service households will get two separate bin for plastics and food wastage and unemployed youth can get employment with through promotion. Food waste should not be waste which can be converting into compost and vermi-compost, and farmers can get bio-fertilizers or manure with low price and collaboration with recycler industries, rag-pickers can get good amount and better living standard. In this program public place and productive land will be clean from waste and secure from contamination. Genetics the problem. Only households are not responsible to create problem even school, colleges mess or canteen, restaurants, hotels, offices and theaters and mandies or markets, these are the things direct throw the garbage outsides. Mostly garbage goes to drainage and dumps the drains which become a cause to create odor and mosquitoes etc. and drainage goes to some water resources and through the harmful chemicals. Harmful chemicals reach to cultivated field through supply channel of water resources and also animals are affecting to drink and human. Many states government have many schemes to control pollution and garbage on the road and they have different system to manage these things through municipal party. In Uttar Pradesh at Kanpur, so many industries are releasing the toxic chemicals in the river, as well as institutions and households are also caused of garbage. Chromium (harmful chemical), which has two forms, trivalent hexavalent and when chromium salts change from trivalent to hexavalent, which depend on the pH, it become poison and cause of cancer. Another thing is cattle and animals who loitering here and there, they are taking garbage as a feed and dying. Grand truck highway to Allahabad at Kanpur has dumping problem of hazardous waste and citizen are suffering from bad odor and dirty place and in the rainy season people use to suffer from dirty water. People do not have safe drinking water and who are taking water from bore-well which is just 100 feet away from sludge heaps along the roadside. Many tones mixed waste comes from city to near rural area of district Lucknow and most of places of side of highway road are covering by garbage. Through the mixed garbage use-full gas can produce and the actual energy balance to see whether the energy plant will be a consumer or producer of power, at enormous cost to the taxpayer. Plant is getting 200-400 tons/day of pure organic waste and 50 percent organic content in mixed waste and in between they are getting banana leaves waste, which is as halting in the plant but they could go for vermi-compost. Many stakeholders are active to manage the waste and they are supporting to implementing agencies (govt. or private). Waste management agencies are getting waste from UP Kisan Mandi Parisad and plant has good source to get waste to produce biogas through gas buffer tank. Here genetic problem means follow the others habits and hierarchical activity. Every people know that if they will throw the garbage on public place, other people will affect including them also. This activity is continuing since many decades and also some effort are using against this activity but people are not aware about it. In the waste management, rag-pickers are playing very important role and they are reducing or make safe place from some poisons, which are the harmful for human. In this nation population is growing very fast and they do not have opportunity to live in proper place and they also encroaching the place and another thing is who will manage the waste releasing by households. Their children are also doing continue same activity, whatever they observe around them, if they do not have knowledge and right place (environment) to live and learn from difficulties. Households are having mentality of use and throw things and they do not want re-use the things. In India we dont have quality technique to recycles the wastes and children of rag pickers family also forced by their parents. They are suffering from some diseases and some harmful things like, metals, needles, infected things etc. before taking food they are not washing hand properly and usually not wearing slippers or shoes. Program components Clean and green environment of urban and rural: Make money (employment) from waste for unemployed poor people: Rural and urban collection centre (program implementation centre) Make better life of rag-pickers: Change the behaviour of people (BCC): Soil rehabilitate by waste compost (organic): Plantation: Collaborate with recycle industries and linkage with different stakeholders: Clean and green environment of urban and rural: Program have some objective to implement this series of steps to be carried out and seeing to sustainability of program it is necessary to good outcome. Where program is going to implement, that context will have some expectation to get better environment. Program will work on both contexts urban and rural which is part of this program and both are very important to implement this program. Program will provide the two types of bin for plastics and decayable. From the urban area, garbage will come to units and it will be convert into vermi-compost or pit-compost so urban area will safe from dirty place and polluted environment and same strategy could be run as well as rural area can get vermi-compost in cheap price for productivity of their land. Make money (employment) from waste for unemployed poor people: In the urban and rural area most of people, specially poor youth are not getting employment, so interested people and youth can get job or employment through this program and in this process without invest that much financial things to make money to produce organic fertilizer as well as clean and green environment. Employee will collect the garbage from household for giving services weekly and they. Rural and urban collection center (program implementation center): For producing the organic fertilizer and separation of recyclable components units to be necessary and whatever material will collect from urban after that it will go to centers for processing of compost and package of plastic to send recycle industries. Centers are main point to decide the all activities of fixed location, from where employee will get their information and delivery of material from households to center. Make better life of rag-pickers: In this program only people are not involve even rag-pickers have good option to join this program. Rag-pickers collect different type of recyclable things. They have good environment to learn many things to improve their skill and knowledge and as well program will change their behavior because they are not aware about their health and suffering from various diseases. Program will provide some classes and protection material to collect garbage. They will get some trainings of how to act before, during and after collect the garbage. Through this program they will get good physical and financial status as well as social also. Change the behavior of people (BCC): Avoiding and reducing the generation of waste through the cost of reflective and increase or create the awareness. Program want to change the unnecessary habit of people which are the harmful for their health and environment and continuity of unnecessary habits affect to others and create problem of their selves. In this activity people will know and be aware about pollution. Generally Rag-pickers suffer big problems of health because of unawareness and they do not use protection elements during collect the garbage. Their habits are a hierarchical so through the program their parents and same community can get facilities. Through the behavior change program would like to increase reuse and recycling rates of products and reduce the percentage of recyclable material to landfill. Soil rehabilitate by waste compost (organic): Rural area has good opportunity to rehabilitate the land and farmers also can get vermi-compost in cheap rate. It is possible to produce the organic fertilizers through the garbage which will come from urban waste and rural waste. This program has units near to rural area so it is easy to reach the rural and farmers also can approach to units. Plantation: It is necessary to ensure the protection of the environment through the effective waste management. In these days urbanization is happening very fast so which is cause of deforestation. So as well as organic farming and soil rehabilitation, urban and rural area will get plantation facilities which will help to make green and good environment. It may possible to get financial strength by fruit plant and plantation on the side of road will provide the shade to passer. In the rural area people could get fuel for food and could also earn from it. Collaborate with recycle industries and linkage with different stakeholders: The primary focus of this program is to achieve the objectives of waste hierarchy which is set of broad and economic perspective related and collaboration is necessary activity of this program which will fulfill the objects. The program will collaborate to recycle industries, municipal party, government and privet market and institutions. Many stakeholders are involve in this program and they are the main components of this program who are the part of program success Need assessment Demography This program will run in the cities of Uttar Pradesh and there are waste is very big problem and people need the solution of this problem. On the basis of data this program will select the cities and rural area where program could fulfill the all problematic situations. Most of cities are going to finish their popularity and tourism is also going to reduce or to be affected, because of odour and dirty places. Community needs; Community will have some expectation from this program and also community is part of it. It is made by based on their needs and with seeing the difficulties of community; program will try to fulfill their expectation or needs. Based on the experience and data some area will cover by this program. Urban households will get some services to remove the garbage and people will get relief from dirty or polluted place. Other stakeholders (schools college or universities mess, hotels, restaurants, markets, shopping mall and other institutions etc) also will get facilities and they need their neat and clean environment which is help to maintain their quality if life also. This program will fill the some community need: Neat and clean environment Employment Income generation Protect the health Prevent the pollution Sustainable development Make better life Community resources: Program has specific target groups who want to fulfill their needs and secure their life and economic part. Community resource means, how can they contribute in this program. Community contribution is must for it and they will contribute. Based on their needs and structure of program, the most essential part of some experience of the approach is to group for waste management which is show the value chain a series of steps, which will be based on the descending order of priority. Waste cannot be avoid by community because they knows very well, it will create problem in the future and this is not become waste for them. Households and other institution or stakeholders will pay for services and unemployed youth will get employment to collect it and rag-pickers also will get money and from collaborated recycle industries through this program. Vision and Mission of the program Vision: Advancing livelihood through waste management as well as green clean environment Mission: Poverty reduction of community through Phases of the program Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Period 3 years 4 years 3 years Focus Reach to households and other stakeholders To protect health, provide well being and environment Change the behavior of people to reduce, reuse, recover the waste. Coverage 4 Cities of Utter Pradesh Expansion program in other areas Reach to rural area for remediation for contaminated land Activities Waste avoidance reduction through services, Recovery, reuse recycling the waste Treatment processing Outcomes Clean and green environment Pollution free environment Reducing the poverty from waste Income generate by itself Logical framework Intervention logic Objective verified indicator Means of verification Pre-condition Assumption Goal- Reducing, re-using, recycling and recovering waste. Promoting and ensuring the effective delivery of waste services Identified the focus group Their living standard Identified the location Collect the primary secondary data People unaware about environment and unknown from reduce, reuse and recover Objectives- To change the behaviour of people to reduce, reuse and recover of waste by recycling. To make the clean and green environment with effective waste management. To provide the employment for people with waste management. Facilitate to farmers for cost effective farming with organic fertilizers Involve the unemployment people, rag-pickers, people and other stakeholders Impact of program through feedback The act of observing Change the behaviour of people Make better life of rag-pickers Output- Organise the citizen and people Good environment well-being and income generation Make better living standard Reduce the waste through change the behaviour Reduce the generation of waste Prevention of pollution and ecological degradation Remediation of contaminated land Recover the all dirty places of cities Input Funds, infrastructure of units, skilled and unskilled human resource Initial investment Implementation Monitoring Evaluate the program Impact study of per event Some institution is working in this field but not effective and in a proper way First focus group will be households in the urban and rural area, from where primary waste will come and they will get two types of bin plastics and decayable things. Collection garbage from households and others Employee will collect the garbage weekly and households and other institution will pay of service on weekly with take receipts. Collect the plastics and other metal Rag-pickers are very important part to make clean and safe the public place. Work with the rag-pickers and collect by them the plastics and other recyclable elements which spread the harmful chemicals and pollute the environment. Recover and separation of material After collection the input, it will go to the separation units where other employees will cover the material and make separate it and also maintain the document and register of covering the households and tally the paying receipts. Use for compost and recycle After separation the material employee will send it for recycling to recycle industries and decayable things for vermi or pit-compost. Goal Reducing, re-using, recycling and recovering waste. Promoting and ensuring the effective delivery of waste services Objectives: To change the behaviour of people to reduce, reuse and recover of waste by recycling. To make the clean and green environment with effective waste management To provide the employment for people with waste management. Facilitate to farmers for cost effective farming with organic fertilizers. Note- Nothing is waste until you make it waste Methodology / implementation: Program will run by staff member and employees and support of other stakeholder and in the program, program manager will make strategy to work on particular location and linkage with govt. and private institution and establish the some awareness program and campaign and control the all staff of location. Here area manager will define the location and implement the program and make report to the program manager. He will conduct the all meeting of employees and arrange the all needs of units. Here marketing manager has responsibility to search the market of organic products and make strategy to direct reach to farmers and others. Supervisor will control the all employee and see the problem of area and facilitate to collection centre and as well as accountant will make and prepare all document and record of financial things. Evaluation Cost-effectiveness of the program: Program has initial investment and it will provide the some necessary facilities which is prevent the possibility of future investment. Community satisfaction: Community will fulfil their needs through the program and get some services and benefits and they have some contribution without extra effort and financial things. Attainment of goals: Work with community and other stakeholders and fulfil their needs as well as program will reach to own goals and fulfil the all objects. Program sustainability In the development sector people are working for poverty reduction and promoting livelihood etc. with various strategic plan and community also adopting this kind of strategy because they have to reduce their poverty and get better livelihood. One side people are focusing to get money and better living status but another side they also facing problem of poor health and environment. They know what they are doing but they dont know which impact is affecting of their life. People are wasting so much what is part of their financial and environment. This program is considering and caring to the next generation and community also care of their generation but they do not think that their next generation will suffer in the future. Waste management program will provide the facilities to many stakeholders and focus on the future and next generation and how they can get good environment and better livelihood through waste management. Program think that nothing is waste until you make it waste and waste is the source of economic and it is possible to make better life through waste management. Urban people will get neat and clean and pollution free environment with their contribution in the program as well as unemployed people will get employment to provide services to household and other institutions through this program and rag-pickers have so many benefits to work on it and they will get good standard of life and can reduce their poverty and poor health. Financial guideline Initial invest is very necessary for this program which is consider the one of the base of program and aim of program is provide the facilities to community which will be consume the financial things of dustbins and the units of collection centre and arrangement of units and some instruments for producing the vermi and pit composts. For collection the garbage employee need the some vehicle, so in that program need sufficient fund to cover all needs, obviously it depend on the area or location of the implementing program. Program has also thought of protection of their employee because of they will work on the dirty component so they have to secure their life first and after that they can protect or secure of others life. Program need the approximate fund Rs.5 crore. Staff structure and qualification Sr. no. Staff Qualification 1 Program Manager Post graduate and computer knowledge 2 Area manager Graduate in engineering and computer knowledge 3 Marketing manager Post graduate and computer knowledge 4 Supervisor 10+2 and computer knowledge 5 Accountant Graduate in account and computer knowledge Way forward This program has very long vision to run it and in the future it would like to some technical aspect like GPS system, what will help to know the covering area or location and selected area. Linkage with different stakeholders and work on other social work related to environment and livelihood of people and which could make better life. Through the plantation and organic cultivation, program could promote JLG and producer group and provide the education of other facilities to rag-pickers. Conclusion- This program has very specific concept to remove unnecessary thins from social and environment and work with community and focus group. For sustainable development it is possible to reach the program goal and fulfil the objectives. Program will work with different stakeholders and staff members and make better living standard with income generation from waste. Most beautiful thing is people involvement and they could change their behaviour.

Local Area Network Protocol Standards Information Technology Essay

Local Area Network Protocol Standards Information Technology Essay Local area network referred to a network that works inside a building such as office, company and home office. LAN are used in small geographical area. LAN is capable in transferring data in a very fast speed that can up to 10Mbps in limited network distance. There are two types of network architecture that can be implemented in the local area network, peer-to-peer networking and client-server networking. The common types of connections that used in LAN are Ethernet and Token Ring. LAN Standards and Protocols Each network has its own rules and standards. Therefore, protocols are use in network technology to govern the communication between network and network. There are many different kinds of protocols, the most common protocol used in the OSI data link layer in LAN are Ethernet and Token Ring. Ethernet Ethernet is the most well-known type of local area network that most widely installed in offices, home offices and companies. The standard of an Ethernet is IEEE 802.3. Ethernet normally are used coaxial cable and sometimes different grades of twisted-pair cable as the transmission medium. Token Ring Token Ring is a network that connects computers in a star or ring topology. It is originally developed by IBM Company. There will have a token ring that passed through the network to allow computers to access the network. The standard for Token Ring network is IEEE 802.5. A token bit will move around the ring from computer to another computer. If the computer wants to transmit a data, the data will attach to the token and pass to the next computer. It has to keep passing through computers in the network until it comes to the destination. If the computer doesnt want to transmit any data, the token ring will just pass to the next computer. Ethernet Token Ring Advantages Cost Effective Flexible to use in star and bus topologies Simplicity of installation Scalable, support upgrade Allow packets to take turns to transmit, avoid collision. Disadvantages System will down during the heavy traffic in the network. Needs proper network planning before installed. Difficult to install. Not cost effective. Justification After comparing both Ethernet and Token Ring, I had chosen Ethernet as the LAN protocol for the network. The very main reason of using Ethernet is because of its availability and popularity in todays network system. Secondly, it is simple to install and its scalability support upgrades in future. This is very important for the company as the company is still developing and probably will be adding more workers in the future. Thirdly, the speed of Ethernet is fast and can support transfer speed from 1Mbps up to 100Mbps. Wide Area Network (WAN) Wide area network referred to a network that connecting multiples of LAN network together in a wide range. The distance range of a WAN can be between country and country. A very good example of WAN is the Internet. WAN are connected using a router. A router can help to choose the most suitable path for a connection to reach to the destination. WAN are categorised into two main ways which is circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit Switching Circuit Switching is a connection will be establish between 2 network nodes before they can start transmitting data. The bandwidth is only dedicated for the particular connection. The connection will be terminated after the data transmission ends. Examples for circuit switching are the telephone networks. Packet Switching In packet switching, data is broken up into packets before transmitted to the destination. There is a destination address and sequencing information in every packet. When reaching at destination node, the packets need to be reassembled. Justification Leased lines will be used in the proposed network. Leased lines normally are used in private networks. Advantages of using a leased line is because it is dedicated for private use only, people from other network will not have the chance to access the leased line. The disadvantage of using leased lines is it is very expensive compare to other WAN standards. Therefore, the transferring speed when connect each office in WAN is very fast and reliable. Leased lines connection is available 24 hours every day. Therefore, it is very suitable to Internet Connection In order of to connect the users to the Internet in the network, we need to have an internet connection to access the Internet. In here, I choose Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) for the company. SDSL provides the equal bandwidth for downstream and upstream for the connection. This is very suitable for business companies because they have big usage on uploading information to the Internet and also download information from the Internet. Here, we used T1 line which is 1.54Mbps with the SDSL for the internet connection of the company. SDSL will require a modem in order to connect to the Internet. The modem will be provided by the local service provider. Networks Architecture Peer to peer networking Peer to peer networking is defined as a type of network in which each workstation has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities (About.com, 2010). Small Scale Peer to peer networking is a network architecture which designed for small scale business that can support 10-15 numbers of users. Therefore, if the company is having a plan to upgrade the network in the future, peer to peer networking definitely is not suitable for the company. Resource Sharing Secondly, peer to peer networking doesnt have the ability of sharing files, printers, projectors and etc. Therefore, if the company uses peer to peer networking, they probably have issues on resources sharing. Data Redundancy Thirdly, as in terms of peer, means there is no centralized server for the network, each computer works as individual. As a result, it is difficult for user to retrieve data and synchronize data as the data are stored separately at different computers. Advantages Disadvantages No dedicated administrator. No security on the network No dedicated server required.   No centralization on network Each workstation has individual resources.   Limited numbers of user. Cost effective Too many passwords to remember Client-server networking Client-server describes a type of computer application architecture within network computing that designates tasks between clients that instigate requests and servers that process requests. (E-How.com, 2010) Centralization In client-server networking, information are stored in a centralized server and allows ten computers or above to access them and share information throughout the network. Centralization also makes the finding of resources easier as all the resources are stored in a centralized server. Scalability Scalability is also one of the important fact in client-server network. Using this architecture, the network is able to scale to a certain numbers of users and also can expand in the future if needed. Security Thirdly, security is no more an issue in client-server networking because only qualified user with valid login username and password can access to the system. Advantages Disadvantages Scalability can support upgrade. Not cost effective due to the high price of server. Higher efficiency and optimization. Dependability on server. If any point of the server fails, the system will be facing failure. Centralised network, resources, users are control through the server. Need to maintain by high skill technician, hence higher maintenance fees. Flexibility, new technology can be integrated into the network easily. Will be suffering from congestion during heavy traffic. Justification After comparing both peer-to-peer networking and client-server networking, the architecture that would best suits the company is client-server networking. Considering the company is still growing and probably having expansion of networking in the future, the number of staffs in the company in the range of 35-40 users, the scalability, flexibility, centralization and security characteristic of client-server network are the best choice. Topology Star Topology The star topology is the most common network topology that most home and office are using. Computer and other devices in star topology are connected to the center and attached on a small device called the central hub. The central hub plays the role of a switch to control the flow from the source machine to the destination machine. The central can either be a hub, router or switch. Mesh Topology Every computer and device in this topology will have a dedicated link to each device. They are connected using point-to-point. If a network has n device, then the network will have n (n-1)/2 link connected to each device. Bus Topology Bus topology is a network that connects all computers in a single backbone. The backbone functions as a sharing platform where all devices in the network can use the backbone to transfer data. Ring Topology In ring topology, computers and devices are connected with the device on the both side of it and forms a ring shape. A signal will be passed along the ring shape in only one direction from one to another till it reaches its destination. The device in the ring topology incorporates with a repeater to regenerate the signal and passed them through the network. Topology Cable Media Advantages Disadvantages Star Twisted Pair Fiber Optic Easy to install because of its simplicity. Easy to install, replace or remove computers or other devices during expansion When one node fails, it wont affect the other nodes. Fully dependent on the central hub, when the hub fails the whole network will fail. Need a lot of cabling to connect many computers. Mesh Twisted Pair Coaxial Has dedicated link to each computer Easy to identify the fault node. Lack of centralization. Data redundancy at each computer. Bus Twisted Pair Coaxial Fiber Optic Less cabling Low cost Easy to extend System will slow down during heavy network traffic If the back bone failed, it will affect the whole system Ring Twisted Pair Easy in installing or reconfiguring If one node fails, the whole network will be affected Difficult to add new nodes to the network. Difficulty in troubleshooting. Justification In this assignment, we were asked to determine a suitable topology that the ICT Resources Malaysia Public Limited Company will be need within the office. Therefore, after doing a lot of researches in network topologies, we finally decided to choose star bus hybrid topology as the companys topology. Hybrid topology Hybrid topologies basically is a topology which combines two type or more than two types of basic topology and inherits their advantages and make it more powerful and usable compare to using only one type of topology. Advantages Disadvantages Hybrid topology are customize designed to meet the requirement of the network. Nodes in the network can be expanded and removed easily. Combines the simplicity and fault tolerance from bus and star topologies. Can find out the failed node when a node is not working and carried out diagnostic test without affect the other part of the network. Some specific device in hybrid topology might not suitable to use in other network topology and they become not reusable. Transmission Medium Transmission media allows a connection between sender and receiver. Transmission medium are categorized into two main categories which is guided media and unguided media. Twisted pair cable Twisted pair cable is a type of wire that twists together in pairs. The reason why the cable is being twisted together is to decrease the electromagnetic interference and noise that affect the data transmission along the cable. Twisted pair cable has two different categories, Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP). Coaxial Cable Coaxial cable is a type of cable that contains a copper conductor in the center. It also has a metal foil layer and braid which both is covered by an outer conductor. The metal foil layer helps to block interference that will affect the cable. The coaxial cable carries a higher frequency signal compares to twisted pair cables. Coaxial cables are categorized by the radio government rating which called the RG numbers. Fiber Optic Cable Fiber optic cables have glass conductors in its center. Fiber optic cables use light to transmit data instead of using electricity signal. It uses reflection to guide light travels along the channel. Fiber optic has two propagation mode, single mode and multi-mode. Multi-mode has two forms which are step index and graded index. Twisted Pair Coaxial Fibre Optic Frequency 100Hz-5MHz 100Khz-500MHz Bandwidth 4mbps 100mbps 10Mbps- 600Mbps Up to 2Gbps Advantages Reduce noise and cross talks Cost effective Readily available Flexible Lighter weight compare to other media. Easy to install Higher bandwidth Less vulnerable to interference than twisted pair Resistance to noise Less signal attenuation Higher Bandwidth Disadvantages Vulnerable to signal distortion. Low bandwidth. Expensive to purchase Bulky compared to twisted pair. Very expensive. Difficulty in installation or maintenance Need skillful technician for maintenance. Fragility- Glass fiber inside the cable are easily broken Justification UTP and Fibre Optic Cable are chosen for this network. The fibre optic cable will use as the back bone for the Ethernet and the UTP will be used as connecting the machines and devices in the network. The reason fiber optic cables are used as the back bone in Ethernet because it has a very high bandwidth. In bus topology, the bandwidth of the backbone will decrease during heavy traffic; therefore if using fiber optic cables, the bandwidth will increase and wont decrease easily. Fiber optic cable is highly security and not affect by electromagnetic interference. For the UTP, its weight is lighter compare to STP because it doesnt have the outer shield. Secondly, it is cost effective than using coaxial cable. Besides that, UTP has high availability in the market. When the cables are broken, replacement cable can be purchased from the market easily. Servers File Server File server is a central storage of a network. It provides access control for user to access files, folder in a same network. User can share files and information without physically transfer using USB drive or portable hard disk. FTP Server File transfer protocol server is one of the oldest of the Internet service. It provides security and transfer control in transferring files. Web Server Provide web access and web storage to the users on the network. Application Server Application server acts as a middleware of the back-end application of the network and the front-end user. It allows users access the applications which stored in the database. Print Server Print server allows users in a network to share printers. User can use any printer in the network to print files instead of connecting every computer with a printer. This will reduce the cost to buy printers. Database Server Database server is a server that stores database for a company in a server. Database servers do job such as analyzing data, data storage, data manipulation and etc. Email Server Email server responsible in receiving emails from the network and send out the email to the receivers in another network. Email servers use SMTP (Simple Main Transfer Protocol) and POP3 (Post Office Protocol) when sending and receiving email. Protocols There are 5 protocols that I choose to apply in the network: HTTP Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is a protocol that used in accessing data in the Internet. It transfers information such as image, hypertext, audio, video and etc. It used the service of TCP to transfer information. HTTP is used in the application layer of the OSI model. DHCP Dynamic host control protocol is a protocol that will auto assigning dynamic IP address to the machines on the network. When a computer connects to the network, it will send a request to the DHCP Server and ask for IP assigning. Then the server will send an offer to the machine then the machine will accept the IP. The machine is then connected to the network. IP Internet Protocol is the most common protocol that used in the Internet. It is used in the network layer in the OSI model. Its job is to send data from one computer to another. Data are broken into packet and every packet contains a header and its own information. TCP TCP is a protocol that allows two hosts to make a connection and transferring data. It also guarantees the transfer of data packets and make sure they arrived at destination in the same order like they were sent out. It is in the transport layer of the OSI model. ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a protocol that used to test the response of destination. LAN Diagram WAN Diagram Floor Plan Ground Floor The departments that located in the ground floor are the Human Resource Department and the Sales and Marketing Department. The human resource department has 4 workers whereas the sales and marketing department has 6 workers. There are two printers in this floor. First floor First Floor The CEO and secretary room is located at the 1st floor. The server room of the network also located at the 1st floor. There are two other departments in this floor which are Operation Department and Financial Department. Each of the departments has six workers. There are two printers in this floor. Second Floor At the second floor, there are customer service department and IT department. Customer service department has 3 workers and IT Department has 6 workers. Limitation Security Although the network has a firewall to prevent network attack from hackers, it is still not good enough to fully blocking hackers from attacking the network. Therefore, the security of the network s Performance Performance of this network will be affected by the switches in the star topology. If the switches failed, the department will be affected. The performance of the network also will be affected by the backbone of the bus. Gantt chart

Differences in Language and Gender Essay examples -- Papers Research C

Differences in Language and Gender There are many differences in language between male and female. This is why we sometimes do not understand the opposite sex. These differences can be lexical, phonological, grammatical or conversational. There have been many studies into gender and conversational behaviour one of which answers the most common question of who talks the most this was conducted by Fishman '90. He found that in mixed sex conversation, men talk twice as much as women. Although this cannot be generalised to all males and females as many people do not follow the trends. Women are more supportive in their behaviour in conversation. They ask more questions, give more feedback, pay more compliments, start up different topics and they try to bring others into the conversation. On the contrary, men interrupt, express disagreement, ignore other people and don't like to follow other people's new topics. This shows that women are more cooperative and men are competitive in conversation. Zimmerman and...

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

The book, To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is a timeless classic about the coming of age of a small southern town and it’s people. The book follows Jem and Scout, two siblings living in the 1930’s in a small southern town. Their father, Atticus, is a lawyer who is hired to defend a black man who is accused of rape. The children watch the town and the trial change and grow. Atticus loses the trial and Tom Robinson, the man who is being accused of rape gets killed by prison guards. The whole town is in an uproar. Some people are furious, some are pleased, and others see it as no big deal. But for Jem and Scout it is a time for them to grow up and face the harsh realities of life. The three main themes in To Kill A Mockingbird are â€Å"racism†, â€Å"hypocrisy†, and â€Å"the world of adults†. The main theme in To Kill A Mockingbird is â€Å"racism†. Maycomb has both a black and white community. Both sides have racial views against the other. When Jem and Scout go to the black church a woman comes out and says, â€Å"You Ain’t got no business bringin’ white chillun here – they got their church, we out ours.† (Pg. 119) Both communities are hostile towards each other. When a black man is accused of a crime he didn’t commit, he is still found guilty because of his skin color. It is stated in the book, â€Å"In our courts, when its white man’s word against a black man’s, the white always wins. They’re ugly, but those are the facts of life.† (Pg. 220) However not all of the white people agree with this. Most of them think that Tom Robinson is guilty just because of the color of his skin. The second main theme in To Kill A Mockingbird is â€Å"hypocrisy†. Mrs. Merriweather talks about saving the poor Mrunas from Africa, but she thinks the black people in her community are a disgrace. She states, â€Å"At least we have the deceit to say to ‘em yes you’re as good as we are but stay away from us. Down here we just say you live your way and we’ll live ours.† (Pg. 234) But for the Mrunas she says, â€Å"I made a pledge in my heart. I said to myself, when I go home I’m going to give a course on the Mrunas†¦to Maycomb and that’s just what I’m doing.

Evil, Faith, and Redemption in Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown Essay

Evil, Faith, and Redemption in Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown There are many things that go on â€Å"behind closed doors† in today’s culture. In many cases it is not closed doors that conceal what goes on, but the dark. Usually what is not seen is not considered good. During the time of early America, there was an event that came to be known as the Salem witch trials. This event has sparked many debates and many folk tales. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes in a way to show the error of modern culture. This style allows him to speak to everyone, including his own community. He does this by using the themes of the story to show the tendencies of modern culture. In Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† the themes of redemption, the source of evil, and the power of faith are developed and can be used to show the problems in today’s culture. The belief of redemption, in modern day culture, bases itself on human perspective over God’s intervention, and human perspective is how the main character in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† believed he found his salvation. This is not the actual way to find redemption. Redemption, according to the Bible, is the payment of sins through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The story begins as a man, Goodman Brown, leaves to go out to a meeting that turns out to be for witchcraft and finds himself torn between going to the meeting or deciding to stay at home. Brown wants to go home to his wife Faith and believes if he goes back he will not be punished for his sins. At first he comes to a decision to discontinue his trip to the meeting; he later changes his mind and chooses to move on his path to the meeting and sin. Brown decides to continue because of the shock he just recei... ...ut the faith they have. Hawthorne leaves the problem of faithless people unresolved. I believe he does this to show that faith is an idea that is so loosely thrown around that it has lost its meaning. Simply stated, redemption, the source of evil, and the power of faith are themes developed by Nathaniel Hawthorne that display problems in today’s culture. Although these issues occur frequently, many people decide to ignore them. Many of these difficult situations in today’s society present themselves behind closed doors or in the dark. These problems happen today, and they have happened in the past. It is best that we find a way to deal with these issues before they reach the future. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.†Making Literature Matter. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 1085-95.

Psychology Genogram Essay

The paper will discuss reasons that motivation will be important while during service How do you define motivation? Most dictionaries define motivation as taking action or moving. Motivation to most people is the ability to go beyond self and push you to accomplish certain goals and desires. There must be a driving force that initiates certain behaviors when you define motivation. Motivation takes an inner resolve to make a change or to get something done in order to achieve it. There are different types of motivation that would define motivation in a broader way. A few that can be mentioned are self-motivation, achievement motivation, and attitude motivation. Self-motivation is what most people use to define motivation at its highest peak of accomplishments. If you are able to motivate yourself and reach your goals, you would have conquered the ability to be disciplined and will accomplish anything you put your mind to. The key to becoming self-motivated is persistence. Persistence is the ability to stay focused despite any challenges. It requires an inner resolve to step outside of self and find something from deep within that you may not have known was even there. Motivation is very important to all decisions that you have to make. Without the ability to define motivation and how you can make it work for you, then your life will be an endless drama of going around in circles. The following paper will discuss ways to motivation or to serve others and exploring reasons for service. Motivation helps you start. One of the first steps to success is simply to start. Unfortunately, it’s often not easy to start. The task may seem too big to handle. The difficulties may seem too many. Or perhaps you’re just plain lazy. Whatever it is, you need something to help you start and that is where your motivation comes into play. When you are motivated, you will naturally want to start. Starting doesn’t feel difficult because you want it. This way starting will feel effortless and you will be ahead of many people who find it difficult to even start.

Palm Island in Dubai

The Palm Islands are artificial islands in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on which major commercial and residential infrastructure will be constructed. They are being constructed by Nakheel Properties, a property developer in the United Arab Emirates, who hired Belgian and Dutch dredging and marine contractor Jan De Nul and Van Oord, some of the world's specialists in land reclamation. The islands are the Palm Jumeirah, the Palm Jebel Ali and the Palm Deira. Each settlement will be in the shape of a palm tree, topped with a crescent, and will have a large number of residential, leisure and entertainment centers. The Palm Islands are located off the coast of The United Arab Emirates in the Persian Gulf and will add 520 kilometres of beaches to the city of Dubai. The first two islands will comprise approximately 100 million cubic meters of rock and sand. Palm Deira will be composed of approximately 1 billion cubic meters of rock and sand. All materials will be quarried in the UAE. Among the three islands there will be over 100 luxury hotels, exclusive residential beach side villas and apartments, marinas, water theme parks, restaurants, shopping malls, sports facilities and health spas. The creation of the Palm Jumeirah began in June 2001. Shortly after, the Palm Jebel Ali was announced and reclamation work began. The Palm Deira, which is planned to have a surface area of 46. 35 square kilometres, was announced for development in October 2004. Construction was originally planned to take 10–15 years, but that was before the impact of the global credit crunch hit Dubai. The Palm Islands are artificial peninsulas constructed of sand dredged from the bottom of the Persian Gulf by the Belgian company Jan De Nul and the Dutch company Van Oord. The sand is sprayed by the dredging ships, which are guided by DGPS, onto the required area in a process known as rainbowing because of the arcs in the air when the sand is sprayed. The outer edge of each Palm's encircling crescent is a large rock breakwater. The breakwater of the Palm Jumeirah has over seven million tons of rock. Each rock was placed individually by a crane, signed off by a diver and given a GPS coordinate. The Jan De Nul Group started working on the Palm Jebel Ali in 2002 and had finished by the end of 2006. The reclamation project for the Palm Jebel Ali includes the creation of a four-kilometre-long peninsula, protected by a 200-metre-wide, seventeen-kilometre long circular breakwater. 210,000,000 m3 of rock, sand and limestone were reclaimed (partly originating from the Jebel Ali Entrance Channel dredging works). There are approximately 10,000,000 cubic metres of rocks in the slope protection works. The first thing comes to my mind about all the wonders of the world is the amazing ability of the engineers and architects involved in their constructions to come out with something which finally turns to wonder of the world. I also think that they might be built to let people from all around the world know about the country or state where they are situated. Let us take Dubai as an example. This UAE state became so significant when we talk about superb modern construction since the launching of it's famous Burj Al-Arab, a luxurious 7-star rated hotel. Then the name of Dubai continuously becoming well-known with numbers of modern constructions especially the unbeaten world's tallest building,the 162-stories Burj Khalifa with 828-meter height which is almost twice the height of our Petronas Twin Tower, and also the unbelievable Palm Ireland. The Palm Ireland project was firstly thought as something impossible by some groups of people but the credibilities of the project planners are now proven with its accomplishment. The amazing ideas of constructing these crazy stuffs had drastically brought Dubai to world's attention and this is a big bonus to it's tourism sector. Hence, wonders of the modern world can be said as the tourist attraction to the country or state where they are situated. However, sometimes I do feel that it's such a tragic obsession when Islamic countries and states like Malaysia and the famous Dubai are spending too much money on these constructions while Muslims in many regions of the world are suffering from the violence of the Jews. So, I think it should be a limit for these crazy projects and let us start focusing the nation's wealth to show our concern to Palestinians and all discriminated Muslims from various countries.

Henry James referred to TTOTS as a potboiler Essay

Henry James referred to ‘TTOTS’ as a potboiler. In light of this comment, explore the establishment of a simple ghost story in the prologue and first five chapters. Henry James stated that ‘TTOTS’ was a potboiler, meant only to be perceived as a simple ghost story which in the Victorian era was how it was originally accepted. However a more modern audience ay interpret the novella as something more. Relating back to the idea of a simple ghost story, the novella starts with a typical ghost story setting – ‘The story had held us, round the fire’ emphasised by the description of the house being ‘gruesome’ and it being ‘Christmas Eve’ informing us that it is night time. All are contributing factors to an ideal ghost story and all of these points start to build the tension and suspense up already within the first few lines. ‘Held us, round the fire’ tells us how they are clinging to this materialistic substance for comfort and warmth, typical connotations of fire. Use of language such as ‘dreadful’ and ‘terror’ increases this sense of a greater impending ghost story – that of which we hear about the Governess. Moreover this sets the mood and creates the atmosphere for the audience to fully appreciate the ‘horror’ of this ghost story. In addition, the idea of them telling ghost stories gives us an immediate impression that there is a ghost story awaiting the audience. The use of more dramatic language such as ‘for sheer terror?’ and ‘for dreadful – dreadfulness’ start the steep incline of suspense and tension we will feel throughout the story. The idea of authenticity throughout this novella is key for the audience to focus on. To increase this idea of the story being real, James uses a framed narrative to draw the reader in to believe that the tale is true. Overall the story could succeed without the prologue but with it, the audience is a lot more likely to proceed through the book with an idea or reality. The main character in the prologue, Douglas, tells the unnamed narrator and the rest of the group of a ghost story much worse than any that have been told. ‘If the child gives the effect of another turn of the screw, what do you say to two children – ?’ Obviously hinting that his tale contains two children, increasing the horror the audience are now sure that they are reading a simple ghost story. However this idea can be argued as we continue throughout the prologue and the first chapter. We learn that about the Governess, moreover, we learn Douglas’ opinion of her. ‘Is in old faded ink and in the most beautiful hand’. From this we can interpret that Douglas’ may be fond or possibly in love with the Governess making his opinion biased thus taking away from the reliability of the story. The use of characters in the prologue almost acts as a metaphor for the reader. ‘Everybody will stay!’ and ‘I will – and I will!’ could be used to represent how James wants the reader to react to reading the actual ghost story. Straight away in the first chapter we learn about how the governess suffered ‘a succession of flights and drops’. Already we start to suspect the volatility of her and the reliability of her tale which obviously argues against the idea of it being a simple ghost story and starts to lay down the foundation for the idea that there may be undercurrents of something more suspect. However her description of Bly is incredibly positive. ‘A lovely day’, ‘summer sweetness’ and ‘a friendly surprise’ are all used in one sentence and all are incredibly optimistic, giving us the idea that the governess is a very positive person. However she does seem to be very hyperbolic, describing the first child, Flora, as ‘one of Raphael’s holy infants’. Obviously this is taking it to extremes, which hints that this might not be the only thing that she is exaggerating throughout the novella. Towards the end of chapter one, she describes parts of the house with language such as ‘empty chambers’, ‘dull corridors’ and ‘crooked staircase’ al of which are very negative descriptions, however she immediately starts to describe the house as ‘a castle of romance’ and something from a ‘story book’. Moreover, as she is peppering her negative quotes with positive and vice versa massively showing her incredible volatility. This is a major idea that the rest of the story may be exaggerated or maybe not even true. This could also foreshadow her personality later on into the novella. Throughout the chapters the language of Mrs Grose becomes increasingly questionable. As an audience we are constantly told that she is ‘simple-minded’ however she sees to know a lot more than she is letting on. ‘Are you afraid he’ll corrupt you?’ This is odd as she is talking about Miles, a ten year old boy. This make the audience think, how can a young child corrupt a fully grown woman? Leading us on to thin she may be talking about somebody else. As we progress through the story we learn about the Governess’s sexual frustration toward the master. Accompanying this idea is that she sees the apparition of Peter Quint upon the tower. This is could imply that she is projecting her sexual frustration onto an imaginary figure as a release to wanting to see the master. ‘A charming story suddenly to meet someone’ and later ‘He did stand there!’ She only sees this figure stood there when she is imagining the master, a suspicious idea that the reader may look into. ‘The man who met my eyes was not the person I precipitately supposed’. This quote backs up my previous point of the projecting this idea of meeting the master on her walks. During these first few chapters we experience a reasonable amount of religious language, ‘Raphael’s holy infants’, ‘divine’ and ‘he has red hair’ these all imply ideas of how the plot is affected by the religious aspects of the Victorian era and their views on ghosts. As they did believe in ghosts and were mainly very religious, these ideas were accepted avidly and only increased any emotions felt within the Victorian reader as they progressed through the story. Overall, my personal views are that there are underlying psychological ideas in ‘TTOTS’ and that although it can be read as a straight ghost story, to fully appreciate the novella the reader must delve deeper and retrieve any obvious ideas that suggest more than just a typical ghost story. James uses a variety of techniques which make his characters seem a lot more emotional deeper than just a person who is afraid in a big house. However the idea of authenticity throughout does back up the point of it being a straight ghost story. I do believe that it is a mazed reader and can be open to a variety of interpretations.

Behaviour For Learning And Management Of Students Education Essay

The demand to pull off behavior has long been an issue within schools. With the push on raising attainment, the development of SEN proviso and the addition in policy, to be inclusive of all scholars irrespective of their academic degree or their societal behavior, as identified that 20 % of all SEN scholars have SEBD. Current policy has adapted towards a positive attack concentrating on the ability of instructors to make a positive acquisition environment developing positive relationships in order to advance a positive attitude towards larning, maneuvering off from the one time punitory attack and non being re-active to negative behavior but more pro-active as supported by ( EPPI ) Behaviour direction is frequently flagged as an country that ITE pupils feel they would profit from holding greater support in when come ining the profession of instruction ( Buell et al. , 1999 cited in EPPI ) . This has been met by the outlooks set by the TTA via the Qualifying to learn, the new criterions and demands for Qualified Teacher Status ( QTS ) ( TTA,2002 ) . B4L is a construct that has been developed through a reappraisal of effectual behaviour direction schemes. It has been identified that B4L is a consequence of battalion of influences and non simply the desire of a scholar to misconduct and unwillingness to larn. It is of import to place the theoretical rules behind the manner in which scholars manifest themselves in footings of behavior, as identified in the principle for the EPPI systemic reappraisal of how theories explain larning behavior in school context. Behaviour for larning ( B4L ) identifies the nexus between pupils societal behavior and behavior and the manner in which they learn. The schools policy clearly states high outlooks of pupils, â€Å" We expect pupils to reflect this in their visual aspect, attitudes and behavior. We know we are modeling the citizens of the hereafter and will promote them to care for one another, be unfastened, just, honest and merely. We want them to hold a sense of pride in being portion of our school community. † ( School Aims, Staff enchiridion ) . Further to this the school s vision is to raise accomplishment by developing a civilization where ‘learning is at the bosom of the school community ‘ . To accomplish this vision the school identifies whole school precedences for 2010/2011 including bettering behavior and attending. It besides stated that the school will concentrate on integrating SEAL pattern in the schoolroom, which has been identified as an of import key in developing scholar ‘s emotional intelligence ( Coleman, 1996 ) supplying scholars with the accomplishment set to supervise and better their behavior independently. It was clearly identified in the School Development Plan that Behaviour for larning needed to be addressed ( appendix 1 ) . This was farther reinforced as a high precedence country during staff meetings and subsequent correspondence from the Head Teacher ( Appendix 1a ) , which focused on current issues in lessons and the demand to better B4L. Two cardinal issues that arose were the usage of nomadic phones within lessons and consistence of countenances ( Appendix 1a ) . It is interesting to observe that these both encompass the instructor and the scholar. It is refering to observe that usage of nomadic phones within lessons is being flagged as a B4L issue and non a mark of detachment. Intelligibly there is a close nexus between the quality of acquisition, instruction and behavior, and hence raises the inquiry can behaviour be improved through bettering the quality of larning & A ; learning? The school clearly identifies that there is a demand to reenforce their school policies on beh avior for acquisition. Through initial observation it was interesting to observe the degree of behavioral issues happening both in and out of lessons. It poses the inquiry is this a school being pro-active in pull offing behavior for larning or re-active to behaviour that had non been managed systematically? This survey will concentrate on the schools current policy on behavior for larning and how this is implemented on a day-to-day footing. Through a reappraisal of the schools current policy and issues this survey will trust to propose future recommendations to better behavior for acquisition. Recent national policy has moved off from a punitory system where pupils were punished for making something incorrect ‘reactive ‘ and are now working towards understanding what causes scholars to be off undertaking and show unwanted behaviour ‘pro-active ‘ . With the recent development of particular educational demands designation and proviso it is no longer acceptable to react in a punitory manner. National policy now promotes the inclusion of a greater diverseness of scholars in schools irrespective of degree of accomplishment or societal behavior ( Department for Education & A ; Employment ( DfEE ) , 1999 ) . It is of import for schools to recognize this and develop schemes to advance B4L as over 20 % of SEN proviso are scholars with societal emotional and behavioral upset ( SEBD ) ( Department for Children, Schools & A ; Families, 2008 ) . SEBD scholars by nature can expose unwanted behavior unless managed in a positive manner, and would it non be deemed u nacceptable from an instruction professional ‘s position for a scholar predisposed to expose hapless behavior as the consequence of a recognized upset, to fall victim to punitory actions. It is hence of import for schools to hold a well-structured B4L policy that coincides with the SEN policy. Communication between the SEN section and the remainder of the school is besides indispensable. ( back up with research ) excessively many lessons lack challenge and make non take sufficient history of pupils ‘ single capablenesss or promote independent acquisition. Besides, quality of marker and feedback by and large varies well across the school. However, a little minority of parents expressed positions that the school ‘s communicating with parents could be better, and besides that pupils ‘ behavior was non ever every bit good as it should be. Inspectors found behavior to be satisfactory overall, but variable. In general, pupils have a high respect for their school, bask their instruction and appreciate the assortment of chances on offer to them, both within the course of study and beyond. They are developing a good scope of personal accomplishments that are fixing them good for their instruction and employment after school. Ensure that lesson activities systematically challenge pupils of all ability groups to do better advancement and develop their independent acquisition accomplishments, particularly at Key Stage 4. Behaviour in lessons is satisfactory, although someinstances of students being excessively rambunctious were seen during the review. However, there is by and large non plenty truly disputing learning across the school to guarantee that pupils make systematically good advancement in their acquisition and therefore develop the assurance and ability to work independently. Where learning is less effectual, be aftering does non take sufficient history of pupils ‘ different capablenesss and get downing points, and is excessively teacher-directed. Teachers do supply some clear, detailed and utile written feedback, but this is inconsistent across the school and does non ever give specific advice about what pupils need to make to better their work – a job which persists since the last review.